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1、并列连词和从属连词 连词是一种虚词,它不能独立担任句子成分而只起连接词与词,短语与短语以及句与句的作用。连词主 要可分为两类:并列连词和从属连词。并列连词用来连接平行的词、词组和分句。如:and, but, or, nor, so, therefore, yet, however, for, hence, as well as, bothand, not onlybut also, eitheror, neithern1. 并列连词并列连词用来连接属于同一层次并具有相同句法功能的词;短语或句子。并列连词包括:基本并列连词如I and, or , b关关连词如I eit her.or , nei
2、 ther.nor , not only.b ut also ,both .and, whet 等;介于并列连词与从属连词之间的连词;介于并列连词与从属连词或介词之间的结构如 as well as , as much as, rather than , more than, no等$吐此外还有些半连接词一些语法学家把它们称为连接副 词,如never theless, however, meanwhile, ot herwise,等jk它们s在句中做连接性状语。这类连词主要 是从逻辑上,而不是从形式上连接句子,其关系比较松散。1) 表示意义转折和对比的并列连词常见的有:but , while,
3、whereas, still, yet , nevertheless, likewise, anyway , only , conversely , on t t his ti me, all the same , fortunat ely, on the ot her hand,等词语he mea ntime2) 表示选择的并列连词常见的有: or, whe ther.or, eit her.or,等tHM:eEither .和rwhether. .表|示选择,其意义比单用oi要强,但由whetrher. .构成的并列结构一般只能担 任句子的从属成分。上例中最后一句,whe ther.结构在
4、句中担任句子的从属成分。Ei ther .和bior 样,可以连接两个并列的独立分句,而whe ther.则坏可以。oi用于表示否定的条件意义时,有时可与 连用。Or连接主语时,如主语都是单数,动词则取单数形式;如主语都是复数,动词则取复数形式,如果主语 有的是复数,动词则取复数形式,如果主语有的是单数,有的是复数,动词的数则与它靠近的主语的数 相一致。连接两个主语时,动词的数也应与靠近他的主语的数相一致。例如: Neither he nor I am a good student.3) |示因果意义的并列并列连词常见的有: for ,so ,therfore ,hence ,thus, ac
5、cordingly, consepuently, on that a等co例如| :in that case The fuel must have beeenfinished, for the engine stopped.It rained , therefore the game was called off.表示原因的并列连词只有for它所引导的分句只是对前一分句补充说明理由或推断原因。fo引|导的分 句只能置于句末,而且必须用逗号与前一分句隔开。上面所提到的so, theref(等词,有的语法学家把它 们做为连接性状语。4) 表示关合关系的并列连词常见的有: and, bot h.an
6、d, nei ther.nor, not on 等but also当nei ther.nor, not only .连接主als时,动词的数则与靠近它的主语的数相一致。Bo th .a不能 连接两个以上的并列成分,也不能连接分句。例如:误:Bo th Mary swep t the floor and Nancy mopped it.5) 其它并列连词常见的有: as well as, more t han, rat her t han, n等 .less t han(1) as well表示同和也的意义as well用作并列连词时它意义相当于not only.but但侧o重点在后一并列成分上
7、而as well侧重点 却在前一并列成分上 ,A as well as B=not only B but also A.(2) more th|示而不是之意例如:(3) rat her t廣示而不是之意.no less t表示 同一样之意.当as well as ,more t han, rather t han, n连接两个成分作主语时谓语动词应于第一个成分的数相一 致.在使用并列连词时我们应该注意:(1)并列连词不可以连用.(2)有些连接性状语副词可以和某些从属连词对应使用.在f。或so th引出的分句中如果主语与前一分句的主语所指相同其主语不可以省略同样,如果第二个分句是由连接副词引出的
8、其主语通常也不可省略.例如:2. 从属连词 从属连词用来引导名词从句和各类的状语从句。 从属连词按词形分为简单从属连词,复合从属连词,关连从属连词。1) 简单从属连词when,no maton con常见的有:aft er, alt hough, as, because, before, if, les t,o nee, since, that, till, unless, until, while等。例如:2) 复合从属连词由两个或两个以上单词构成的从属连词,如: as if, as far as , as soon as, according as , in case , who(how,
9、what,when, where), rather than, for all that , given( that), in order that, now (that), that ,provided/providing( that), inasmuch as 等insofar as3) 关联从属连词由两个关联构成的,如: as.as, nore(less,-er).than, no sooner.than, so .asso. .that ,such.sa , t he. .t he,等het her.or 使用从属连词时,应该注意(1) 由从属连词引导的状语从句,其位置通常是可变的。(
10、2) 并列连词之间之前不可以加其它连词,而从属连词之前可以加并列连词;连接副词。使用连词时,还应该注意:1. because, for, sinc包区别sbecause语气强,表示客观必然原因:例如:He is absent, because he因为生病,所以他没来。 比较:He is absent, for he is(b生病”是缺席”的必然原因,忙”不是必然原因。) for语气轻,表示非客观必然的原因,是主观可改变结果的原因,甚至是猜测可能的原因: He must be ill, for he is缺席”不一定是 生病”只是交流猜测。for不能放句首,它是并列连词.since,都是不讲自
11、明的原因,是已知的原因.Since I am a boy, let me carry the case.As you dont feel well,you had better stay at home.综观近几年全国各省市的高考题,我们发现均加大了对连词应用的考查。由此可见连词在英语学习和运 用中的重要性,下面我们结合相关的例句和知识点来分析和掌握连词的考查方向和内容。一、并列连词表并列关系(联合关系):and, but, ndbut, not on-lyut (also), neithernor等。【注意1】bothand (两者都),连接句子的两个主语时,其后谓语动词通常用使用复数形式;
12、not onlybut (also )与neithernor则采取“就近原则”。 如: She plays not only the pian(o,albsuo)t the guitar.Neither you nor he is to blame.【注意 2】 not onlybut (alsc)与as well as两者强调对象不同:not onlybut also强调的是but (als)之后部分,而as well则强调其前面的部分。谓语动词单复数判断上not onlbut (als)采取 “就近原则”,而as well ,$则采取“就远原则”。如: Mr. Smith, as well
13、 as his wife and children, has come to Nanjing for a visit.【注意3】not onlybut (als)结构中的not only可用于句首引导从句,在这种情况下该从句的主语和 谓语要倒装。如: Not only is he clever, but also he is hard working.Not only did we write to her but also we telegraphed her.表转折关系: but, yet, still, while, howeV等。,when【注意4】whil可以表示“尽管、即使”。另外
14、,while还可以表示两者进行对比的用法。如: Bob likes playing basket ball, while his brother likes football.She has difficulty in learning English, however, she works hard and is making rapid progress.表选择关系:or, ot herwise, or else, ori等her【注意5】eith&ror句型中谓语的单复数形式也要采取“就近原则”。如: We must hurry, orwlel miss the train. Eithe
15、r Jim or you are going to attend the course. 表因果关系: for, since, because, as, so, t hus, t her等fore, and so如: We had better stay at home, for it was raining.He didnt work hard, theerheefofrailed in the examination.He was late for class because he got up late.二、从属连词When, while,as都表示“当时候”:when引导的从句的动作与主句的动作可同时发生,也可先后发生。as和while引导的从句则强调主句和从句的动作同时发生。如: When I got to the station, the train had already left. He sang merrily as he was working.2dlliiti均表示“到时候为止”,肯定句中的谓语必须是延续性动作;若主句谓语是终止性动 词,则主句要用否定形式,意为动作“到才”开始发生。如: I worked till late at Snhieghdti.dnt get up until h