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1、名词性从句 由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的句子叫复合句。名词性从句在复合句中起名词的作用，它包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句四大类，在句中分别用作主语、宾语、表语和同位语。引导名词性从句的关联词 Athat 连词that本身没有意义，在从句中不担任任何句子成分，在宾语从句中有时可省略。 I hear (that) he has joined the football club. 我听说他已经加入了足球俱乐部。 That light travels in straight line is known to all. 众所周知，光是以直线传播的。 It so happens t
2、hat I know the man. 碰巧我认识那个。 Is it certain that they will win 他们一定会赢吗 Bwhether和if 连词whether和if本身有意义（解释是否），在从句中不可省略。 1whether可以连接所有的名词性从句，而if只能引导宾语从句。 I didnt know whether he would attend the concert. 我并不知道他是否参加音乐会。（宾语从句，可用if代替whether） The question is whether it s worth trying. 问题是值不值得试一试。（表语从句，不可用if
3、代替whether） Whether she comes or not makes no difference. 她来不来都没有关系。（主语从句，不可用if代替whether） He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not. 他必须回答他是否同意此事这样一个问题。（同位语从句，不可用if代替whether） 2whether引导的宾语从句可作介的宾语，而if则不能。 It all depends on whether they will support us. 这完全取决于他们是否支持我们。(不用if) Ryan was
4、worrying about whether he had hurt her feelings. 瑞恩担心是否伤害了她的感情。 3if既可引导语从句，也可引导宾语从句。如果用if会引起歧义，应避免使用if，而用whether。 Please let me know if you want to join us. 请告诉我你是否想加入我们。（if引导的从句可被看成是宾语从句，if表示是否） Please let me know if you want to join us. 如果你想加入我们的话，请告诉我一声。（if引导的从句可被看成是条件状语从句，if表示如果） Please let me k
5、now whether you want t join us. 请告诉我你是否想加入我们。（为避免引起歧义，可用whether表示是否） Cwho, whom, whose, what, which 连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which等在从句中既起连接作用，同时又担当主语、宾语、定语、表语等成分。 No one knows who he was waiting for. 没人知道他当时在等谁。 We are worrying about what we should do next. 我们正在为下一步该怎么办而烦恼。 Tell me whos house it
6、is. 告诉我这是谁的家。 Let me know which train you will be arriving on. 告诉我你将乘哪列火车到达。 Dwhere, when, how, why 连接副词where, when, how, why等在从句中既是连接词，又作状语。 I dont know where we are going to have the meeting.我不知道我们将在哪儿开会。 She always thinks of how shecan work well. 她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。 What I am anxious to know is when w
7、e can visit the museum. 我急于知道我们什么时候能参观博物馆。 比较： when引导的时间状语从句和名词性从句中的不同时态。 Please lt me know when you arrive. 你到的时候，请告诉我一声。（when引导的是时间状语从句，从句中用一般现在时来表示将来。） Please let me know when you will arrive. 请告诉我你什么时候到。（when引导的是宾语从句，从句中用一般将来时。） Ewhoever, whomever, whatever, whichever, whosever 连接代词whoever = any
8、one who任何人, 无论谁；whatever =anything that凡是.，无论什么；whichever = anything that无论那一个, 任何一个；whomever = anyone whom （whoever的宾格形式）。 Whoever comes to the club is welcome. 不论谁来参加这个俱乐部都欢迎。 Whatever is worth doing at all is worth doing well.凡是值得做的就值得做好。 They ate whatever they could find o the deserted island. 他
9、们在荒岛找到什么就吃什么。 You may do whatever you will. 你可做任何你想做的事。 Ill take whichever book interests me.我愿买任何让我感兴趣的书。 Whosever book is overdue will be fined. 不管谁的书过期未还都要被罚款。 比较： 连接代词whoever在宾语从句中作主语，whomever作宾语从句中宾语。 You may offer he book to whoever wants it. 你可把这本书给任何想要的人。（此句中不能使用whomever，因为whoever在宾语从句中作want
10、s it的主语） You may offer the book to whomever you like.你可把这本书给任何你喜欢的人。（whomever在宾语从句中作you like的宾语）表语从句 表语从句放在连系动词之后，充当复合句中的表语。 A可接表语从句的连系动词 可接表语从句的连系动词有be, look, seem, sound, appear等。 China is no longer what she used to be. 今日的中国不再是过去的中国了。 The question remains whether they will be able to help us. 问题还
11、是他们能否帮我们。 Itappears that he has a taste for music.看来他对音乐有一定的鉴赏力. At that time, it seemed as if I couldnt think of the right word anyhow. 当时，我似乎怎么也想不出一个恰当的字眼来。 Bas, as ifthough引导的表语从句 He looked just as he had looked ten years before. 他看起来还与十年前一样。 It sounds as ifsomeone is knocking at the door. 听起来好像有
12、人在敲门。 Cbecause, why引导的表语从句 I think it is because you are talking too much. 我想这是因为你话说得太多。 Thats because he didnt understand me. 那是因为他没有理解我。（Thats because 强调原因） Thats why he got angry with me. 那正是他对我生气的原因。（Thas why 强调结果） 注意 what引导的主语从句表示结果或名词reason作主语时，后面的表语从句表示原因时要用that引导，一般不宜用because。 The reason why
13、 I was sad was that he didnt understand me. 我难过的原因是他没有理解我。 What cost him his life was that he was too careless. 使他丧命的原因是他太粗心了。 D使用虚拟语气的表语从句 在表示建议、劝告、命令含义的名词后的表语从句，谓语动词需用should+动词原形表示，should可省略。常见的词有：advice, suggestion, order, proposal, insistence, plan, idea等。 My suggestion is that we (should) start
14、 early tomorrow. 我的建议是我们明天一早就出发。 His proposal was that they (should ) challenge the other classes to afriendly competition. 他的提议是挑战别的班级进行一场友谊竞赛。 宾语从句 在复合句中用作动词宾语或介词宾语的从句叫宾语从句。 A. 作动词宾语 He told us（that）he felt ill. 他对我们说他感到不舒服。 Do you know whose dictionary it is 你知道这是谁的字典？ He has informed me when the
15、y are to discuss the work plan. 他已经通知我他们将什么时候讨论工作计划 Give a reading list to whoever comes. 给所有来的人一份阅读书目。 注意： doubt（怀疑）的肯定句接ifwhether引导的宾语从句，但否定句和疑问句接that引导的宾语从句。 I doubt whether if he will succeed. 我怀疑他是否会成功。 I do not doubt that he can recite the poem. 我相信他能把这首诗背下来。 Do you doubt that he will win 你不相信会获胜吗 B作介词的宾语 He was deeply displeased by what had occurred that day. 他对那天发生的事感到很不快。 I am curious as to what he will say. 我很想知道他要说什么。 Your success will largely depend upon what
