《英语语言学概论第八章笔记》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《英语语言学概论第八章笔记（5页珍藏版）》请在金锄头文库上搜索。
1、Chapter 8 Socio-linguistics 社会语言学1. What is socio-linguistics?十么是社会语言学？Sociolinguistics is the sub-discipline of linguistics that studies language in social contexts. 社会语言学是语言学的一个分支，它研究社会环境中的语言。2. Language variation 语言变异a) Speech community 言语社区In sociolinguistic studies, speakers are treated as memb
2、ers of social groups. The social group isolated for any given study is called speech community. A speech community thus defined as a group of people who form a community (which may have as few members as a family or as many member as a country), and share the same language or a particular variety of
3、 language. The important characteristic of a speech community is that the members of the group must, in some reasonable way, interact linguistically with other members of the community. They may share closely related language varieties, as well as attitudes toward linguistic norms. 社会语言学研究中， 说话者被当作是
4、社会群体的成员。 分离出来用于任何特定研究的社会群 体称作言语社区。 因而， 言语社区就被定义为一个社区 (人数小到一个家庭， 大到一个国家) 使用同样的语言或语言的某种变体的一群人。 言语社区的重要特点是， 这个群体的成员必须 以某种适当的方式与其他的社区成员进行语言交流。 这些成员不仅可能对语言规范持相同态 度，而且可能使用紧密联系的语言变体。 言语社区的范畴可以是地域性的，也可以是跨地区的。社会地位、经济地位、受教育程度、 兴趣爱好、职业、年龄等因素相同的人所使用的语言往往带有相同言语社区的烙印。b) Speech variety 言语变体Speech variety refers to
5、 any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker or group of speakers. A speech variety may be lexical, phonological, morphological, syntactic, or a combination of linguistic features. Considered a more neutral term, speech variety is sometimes used instead of standard language, vernacular lang
6、uage, dialect, pidgin, creole, etc. Speech variation moves on a scale of the national language, dialect, and individual ways of communication.Sociolinguists are particularly interested in there types of speech variety, or dialects, namely, regional dialects, sociolects or social dialects, and functi
7、onal speech varieties known as registers. The term dialect, as a technical term in linguistics, carries no value judgment and simply refers to a distinct form of language.在社会环境中使用的语言都属于某种言语变体。 一种言语变体具有一些与其它言语变体不同 的特征。这些特征反映在发音、句法规则、词汇上。言语变体可以指一种不同的语言，如标 准语、方言、洋泾浜等， 可以指同一语言的地域性或民族性变体， 如英语中的澳大利亚英语、 黑人
8、英语等，也可以指同属一种语言的功能性言语变体， 如法律语体、 正式语体等。言语变 体无论其具有何种社会属性，在社会语言学家看来它们之间没有高低之分、优劣之分。c) Regional variation 地域变异Regional variation is speech variation according to the particular area where a speaker comes from. Regional variation of language is the most discernible and definable. 语言的地域变异产生了地区方言。 语言往往随着使用地
9、理位置的变化而变化。 地域变异是语 言最易辨别的特征。The most distinguishable linguistic feature of a regional dialect is its accent. Often speakers of the same language but of different regional dialects of the language have a very difficult time communicating. One way out of the communication dilemma is language standardiz
10、ation known as language planning.语言地域变异的最显著特征是地域口音。由于口音差异给跨地区的交流造成理解上的困难， 推广标准化的运动便应运而生。d) Social variation 社会变异Social variation gives rise to sociolects which are subdivisible into smaller speech categories which reflect their socioeconomic, educational, occupational and ethnic background, as well
11、as their sex and age.语言的社会变异产生了社会方言。 社会方言又可以分为更小的语言类别。 导致语言社会变异 的主要因素包括语言使用者的不同的社会地位、经济地位、学历、职业、年龄、性别等。e) Stylistic variation 文体变异There are differences associated with the speech situation: who is speaking to whom about under what circumstances for what purpose.有一些差异是说话者本人的言语在不同的言语情景中所具有的差异： 言语情景即在什
12、么情况 下，为了什么目的，谁与谁讲什么。Stylistic variation in a person spseech, or writing, usually ranges on continuum from casual or colloquial to formal or polite according to the type of communicative situation. Style can also refer to a particular person use of speech or writing at all times, or to a way of speak
13、ing or writing at a particular period of time, e.g., Dickens style, Hemingway s style.根据交际情景的类型， 一个人的口头语和书面语的文体会发生变化， 变异区间是从随便文体 或口语体到正式文体或文雅文体。文体风格也可以指一个人一直在使用的口头语或书面语， 或指在一个特定的时期内的说话或写作方式，如狄更斯的风格、海明威的风格。f) Idiolectal variation 个人言语变异When an individual speaks, what is actually produced is a unique
14、language system of the speaker, expressed within the overall system of a particular language. Such a personal dialect is referred to as idiolect.一个人在说话时， 他在一种特定语言的总的体系内表达， 但他实际上所说出的是他自己的独 特的语言体系。这种个人方言被称为个人习语。Idiolect is, thus, a personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines aspects of all
15、 the elements regarding regional, social, and stylistic variation, in one form or another. In a narrower sense, what makes up one s idiolect includes also such factors as voice quality, pitch and speechrhythm, which all contribute to the identifying feature s in an individual s speech.因此， 个人习语是说话者的个
16、人方言， 它以这样或那样的方式综合了涉及地域变异、 社会变 异和文体变异的各方面的特征。 从比较狭窄的意义上来说，个人方言也包括音质、 音调、言 语节奏这样的因素。这些因素都构成了个人言语中的可识别特征。3. Standard and nonstandard languageThe standard language is a superposed, socially prestigious dialect of a language. It is the language employed by the government and the judiciary system, used by the mass media, and taught in educational institutions, including school settings where the language is taught as a foreign or seco
