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1、上海海事外国会计选读01Chapter 1Introduction to Accounting and BusinessNature of a BusinessThe Role of Accounting in BusinessProfession of AccountingAccounting PrinciplesAssets, Liabilities and Owners EquityBusiness Transactions and the Accounting EquationFinancial StatementsContentsBusiness 企业A business 企业 is
2、 an organization in which basic resources (inputs), such as materials and labor, are assembled and processed to provide goods or services (outputs) to customers.Manufacturing Business 生产性企业 ProductGeneral MotorsCars, trucks, vansIntelComputer chipsBoeingJet aircraftNikeAthletic shoes and apparelCoca
3、-ColaBeveragesSonyStereos and televisionTypes of BusinessesMerchandising Business商业企业 ProductWal-MartGeneral merchandiseToys “R” UsToysCircuit CityConsumer electronicsLands EndApparelAmazon4Internet books, music, video retailerTypes of BusinessesService Business 服务性企业 ProductDisneyEntertainmentDelta
4、 Air LinesTransportationMarriott HotelsHospitality and lodgingMerrill LynchFinancial adviceSprintTelecommunicationTypes of BusinessesThere are three types of business organizationsProprietorship(业主制企业)Partnership(合伙制企业)Corporation(股份有限公司)A proprietorship is owned by one individual. AdvantagesEase in
5、 organizingLow cost of organizingDisadvantageLimited source of financial resourcesUnlimited liabilityJoes A partnership is owned by two or more individuals. AdvantagesMore financial resources than a proprietorship.Additional management skills.DisadvantageUnlimited liability.Joe and Martys A corporat
6、ion is organized under state or federal statutes as a separate legal entity.AdvantageThe ability to obtain large amounts of resources by issuing stocks.Limited LiabilityDisadvantageDouble taxation.J & M, Inc. A business stakeholder 企业利益相关者 is a person or entity having an interest in the economic
7、 performance of the business.Business Stakeholders企业利益相关者STAKEHOLDERSInternal: Owners, managers, employees External: Customers, creditors, government Business Stakeholders企业利益相关者Accounting 会计 is an information system that provides reports to stakeholders about the economic activities and condition o
8、f a business.It can be deemed as the “language of business”Accounting会计The Process of Providing Information2Assess stakeholders informational needs.STAKEHOLDERSInternal: Owners, managers, employees External: Customers, creditors, government 1Identify stake-holders.The Process of Providing Informatio
9、nAccounting Information SystemDesign the accounting information system to meet stakeholders needs.34Record economic data about business activities and events.5Prepare accounting reports for stakeholders.STAKEHOLDERSInternal: Owners, managers, employees External: Customers, creditors, government Acco
10、unting Information SystemThe Process of Providing InformationBusiness Ethics 商业伦理The moral principles that guide the conduct of individuals are called Ethics.Ethical codes serve as a foundation for developing ethical behavior in professions.Code of professional ethics 职业道德准则Some sound principles the
11、 form the foundation for ethical behaviorProfession of Accounting会计的职业Accountants employed by a business firm or a not-for-profit organization are said to be engaged in private accounting.Accountants and their staff who provide services on a fee basis are said to be employed in public accounting.Spe
12、cialized Accounting FieldsFinancial accounting 财务会计Is primarily concerned with the recording and reporting of economic data and activities for a business.Management accounting 管理会计Uses both financial accounting and estimated data to aid management in running day-to-day operations and in planning fut
13、ure operations.Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP)公认会计原则The business entity concept经营主体 limits the economic data in the accounting system to data related directly to the activities of the business.The cost concept 成本原则 is the basis for entering the exchange price, or cost of an acquisiti
14、on in the accounting records.The objectivity concept 客观性 requires that the accounting records and reports be based upon objective evidence.The unit-of-measure concept 计量单位 requires that economic data be recorded in dollars.The Accounting Equation会计恒等式Assets = Liabilities + Owners EquityThe resources
15、 owned by a businessThe Accounting EquationAssets = Liabilities + Owners EquityThe rights of the creditors, which represent debts of the businessThe Accounting EquationAssets = Liabilities + Owners EquityThe rights of the ownersWhat is a business transaction?A business transaction 经济业务 is an economic event or condition t
