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1、生态学词汇：窗体顶端agroecology农业生态学abundance丰度，丰富abiotic components非生物组分assimilate同化assimilation同化作用aquatic水生的，水域的，水栖的aquatic ecosystem水生生态系统algae藻类，海藻ammonium氨age structure年龄结构area effect面积效应atmospheric cycle气相型循环ammonification氨化作用acid rain酸雨acid deposition酸性沉降物asexual reproduction无性繁殖aquaculture水产养殖annual
2、weeds一年生草本abandoned field废弃农田alternative energy sources替代能源窗体底端 窗体顶端adaptation适应alternative farming替代农作adaptative radiation适应辐射aerobic respiration有氧呼吸agroforestry农林业alien species外源种ancient forest原始森林altitude纬度anaerobic respiration无氧呼吸arable land耕地autotroph自养生物aphid蚜虫boundary边界biotic components生物组分bi
3、otic population生物种群biotic community生物群落biomass生物量（用重量或能量单位表示）biome生物群系，区域性生物群落类型boreal forest北方针叶林beaver海狸窗体底端 窗体顶端biosphere生物圈biological nitrogen fixation生物固氮biological oxygen demand (BOD)生物需氧量biotic potential生物潜能（生殖潜能）biodiversity生物多样性biogeochemical cycles生物地球化学循环biological magnification生物放大作用biot
4、rophic parasite活体寄生物biodegradable生物能降解的biological control生物防治biennials两年生的biotic factors生物因子birth control生育控制broad-spectrum pesticides光谱杀虫剂behavioral ecology行为生态学biocoenosis生物群落biotope（群落）生境cultivation栽培，驯养climate change气候变化carbonhydrate碳水化合物窗体底端 窗体顶端carbon cycle碳循环Calcium carbonate碳酸钙coral reef珊瑚礁c
5、arrying capacity环境容纳量clumped dispersion成丛分布commensalism偏利作用competitive exclusion竞争排斥coevolution协同进化camouflage伪装climax community顶极群落consumer消费者carnivores肉食动物canopy冠层coniferous forest针叶林convergent evolution趋同进化clear-cut采伐空地contour plowing等高耕作crop rotation作物轮作cowbird燕八哥carbon dioxide concentration二氧化碳浓
6、度窗体底端 窗体顶端cellulose纤维素closed system封闭系统coexistence共存courtship求偶（期）crude birth rate粗出生率compost有机肥料，堆肥continental ecosystem陆地生态系统distribution分布decomposition分解，腐烂，降解discipline学科degradation退化desertification沙化,荒漠化deciduous forest落叶林decomposer分解者detritus有机残体density-independent controls非密度制约density-depende
7、nt controls密度制约distance effect距离效应detritivore食碎屑者detrital food chain腐生食物链窗体底端 窗体顶端deforestation破坏植被；森林砍伐denitrification反硝化作用deepsea fishery深海渔业dominant species优势种dilution effect稀释效应ecological生态学的，生态的ecology生态学ecosystem生态系统environment环境environmentalism环境论，环境保护论ecologist生态学家，生态学者earthworm蚯蚓ecological
8、efficiency生态效率entropy熵endothermic animal温血动物,恒温动物ectothermic animal冷血动物，变温动物El Nino厄尔尼诺现象estuary河口，江口ecosystem function生态系统功能euphotic zone透光层窗体底端 窗体顶端ecological pyramid生态金字塔ecosystem value生态系统价值ecological niche生态位exponential growth 指数型增长energy flow能流environmental reservoir环境库evaporation蒸发ecosystem m
9、odeling生态系统模拟environmental gradient环境梯度energetic trade-off能量平衡equilibrium平衡emergent挺水植物，突出树丛epiphyte附生植物extinction灭绝exotic species外来种endangered species濒于灭绝的物种ecotone群落交错区ecotourism生态旅游external cost外部成本ecological crisis生态危机窗体底端 窗体顶端fungi真菌first law of thermodynamics热力学第一定律food chain食物链food web食物网flux
10、流（量）fossil fuels化石燃料fixed action pattern固定行为模式fundamental niche基础生态位feedback反馈fern蕨类植物flagship species旗舰种feedback loop反馈环floating-leaved aquatic plant浮叶水生植物gross primary productivity(GPP)总初级生产力grazing food chain草牧食物链geological uplifting地质抬升greenhouse effect温室效应greenhouse gases温室气体green revolution绿色革
11、命guild共位群窗体底端 窗体顶端grasshopper蝗虫genetic drift遗传漂变global warming全球变暖geothermal power地热能geographic isolation地理隔离green manure绿肥genetic diversity遗传多样性hunter-gatherer society狩猎-采集社会herbivore草食动物hydrological cycle水循环habitat生境human intervention人类干扰humus腐殖质hummingbird蜂鸟habitat fragmentation生境片段化heterotroph异养生物herbcide除草剂hazardous waste有害废物hydrosphere水圈homeostasis动态平衡窗体底端 窗体顶端interact相互作用irrigation灌溉individual level个体水平infrared spectrum红外光区industrial nitrogen fixation工业固氮infiltration rate渗漏速度inverted ecological pyramid倒生态金字塔impermeable layer不透水层intraspecific competition种内竞争interspecific competi
