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1、语法解读名词转化为动词英语在长期发展过程中,各类词逐渐失去词类标志。一个词可以不经过任何变化而用作另一类词,不改变词的形态,只是使某个词从一种词类转化成另一种词类,从而使该词具有新的意义和作用,成为一个新词,这种构词方法叫做词类转化法,简称转化法。名词转化为动词是英语语言中一种比较普遍的现象,也是词类转化的一个重要组成部分。主要有以下几种情况:1.许多可以表示物体的名词用作动词(意思也随之有些转变)。这样的词有book(预定),chair(主持),pin(钉住),seat(使某人坐下),picture(画),pencil(展示,描述),bag(装入),pocket(装在口袋里)等。如:Have
2、 you booked your tickets?你的票订好了吗?Who is to chair the meeting?谁来主持会议?He pinned great hopes on us.他对我们寄予了很大希望。It can seat a thousand people.它能坐(容纳)一千人。The speaker pictured the suffering of the poor.那个演讲人描绘了穷人的痛苦。He hurriedly penciled the time on it.他匆忙(用铅笔)在上面写下时间。By noon he had bagged 3 hares.到中午时,他已
3、捕获了三只野兔。The money was all pocketed by corrupt officials.这些钱都进了贪官污吏的腰包。2.表示身体某部位的名词也可作动词。这样的词有hand(传递),back(支持),shoulder(肩负),figure(抚摸),eye(注视),nose(侦察出),elbow(推挤),head(朝前进)等。如:He handed the book to me.他递给了我那本书。Weve got to back him up.我们必须支持他。He must shoulder his responsibilities.他必须肩负他的责任。She figure
4、d the silk gently.她轻轻地抚摸着那缎子。He eyed her every movement.他注视着她的每个动作。Shes always nosing into other peoples business.她总爱管别人的闲事。I elbowed my way through the crowd.我推挤着穿过人群。They headed for the gate.他们朝大门口走去。3.某些表示一类人的名词也可用作动词。这样的词有nurse(护理),doctor(诊断),soldier(当兵),officer(指挥),father(当的父亲;发明),spy(做间谍)等。如:S
5、he nursed me day and night for three weeks.三个礼拜以来,她日夜护理我。He feels he can doctor a common cold.他感到他能治疗普通的感冒。He had soldiered in France in his youth.他年轻时在法国当过兵。The army was officered by brave men.这支军队由勇敢的人指挥。He fathered the plan.这计划是他提出来的。Spying is dangerous.当间谍是危险的。4.一些表示实物的名词也可用作动词。这样的词有volunteer(主动
6、提供),room(住),bridge(填补),flower(开花),floor(铺地板),oil(擦油),coat(涂上),duck(闪避)等。如:Many villagers volunteered the house to flood victims.许多村民主动提出给遭受水灾的灾民提供住处。We roomed together at college.我们大学时同居一室。They must try to bridge the generation gap between them.他们必须填补他们之间的代沟。I believe it is going to flower this year
7、.我相信它今年会开花。He floored the room.他把房间铺上了地板。He oiled his tools and put them away.他给工具擦了油,并把它们收了起来。The pill is coated with sugar.药丸外面包有糖衣。I ducked my head to avoid being hit.我低下头,以免被击中。5.有些抽象名词也可以作动词。这样的词有lunch(吃午饭),storm(下大雨),anger(使生气),hunger(渴望,饥饿)等。如:We usually lunch at school.我们通常在学校吃午饭。It stormed
8、all that day.那天一整天风雨大作。This angered him at first.开头这让他很生气。A good student hungers after knowledge.好学生渴望获得知识。转化成的动词与原来名词的词义关系名词经常原封不动地当作动词使用,这种用法既生动,又省力;既形象,又简洁。转化成的动词与原来的名词在语义关系上主要有下列七种类型:1.“把放入;使处于”,这一类动词表示“方位”,大多来自指地方、建筑物、容器之类的名词。如:bottle n. 瓶子v.装瓶garage n. 车库v.把(汽车)送入车库list n.表,名单v.把编列成表can n.罐头v.
9、装罐头2.“给予;提供”,这类动词大多来自表示“物品”的名词。如:shelter n. 避难所v.掩护,遮蔽fuel n.燃料v.加燃料man n.人v.配备人员sugar n.糖v.往里加糖3.“去掉”,这类动词也大多来自表示“物品”的名词。如:core n.果实的心v.挖去果心skin n.皮v.剥皮peel n.果皮v.削皮juice n.果汁v.从榨出汁4.“用来做”,这一类动词表示“工具”,大多来自人体部位名词,或指工具的名词。如:hand n.手v.递交finger n.手指v.用手指触碰hammer n.锤子v.用锤敲击shoulder n.肩膀v.肩负eye n.眼睛v.注视5
10、.“像那样”,这类动词表示名词所指的人或动物的典型动作,来自人称名词和动物名词,有很强的隐喻含义。如:nurse n.护士v.护理tutor n.私人教师v.当的教师,辅导father n.父亲v.当父亲,像父亲般对待dog n.狗v.尾随,追踪monkey n.猴子v.胡闹6.“使成为,把改变为”,这一类动词表示“结果”。如:cripple n.跛子v.使跛fool n.傻子v.愚弄cash n.现金v.兑成现金group n.组v.把编成组7.“用来(寄)送,乘前往”,这类动词大多由“电讯”或“交通工具”之类的名词构成。如:mail n.邮件v.邮寄ship n.轮船v.用船运bicycle n.自行车v.骑自行车motor n.汽车v.用汽车运送telegram n.电报v.打电报
