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1、Chapter 11. What is the scope of lexicology? How is lexicology related to lexicography and etymology?2. What are diachronic approach历时性研究 and synchronic approach共识性研究 in lexicological study?lexicology, a branch of linguistics, deals with the nature, history, use , and meaning of words and the relati
2、onships between elements of words. Lexicology mainly covers the origin, development, structure, meaning, and application of words.Linguists usually define a word as the smallest unit of a language1. Lexicology includes phonetics语音学phonology音韵学semantics语义学etymology词源学lexicography词典学morphology形态学Etymo
3、logy, which can be regarded as a subfield of lexicology, mainly focuses on the study of the origin and history of words.Lexicography, another related branch to lexicology, is mainly concerned with inclusion of words and the science of compiling dictionaries. Lexicography is about the application of
4、lexicology-the science of dictionaries.Translation; coal abounds in this province.Crystal water wells out of the spring.2. Two major approaches are employed in lexicological studies; diachronic approach and synchronic approach. They are also two principal approaches to the study of language. all lan
5、guages exist in a state of constant change and development. In language studies, linguists may investigate the history and stages of language change(diachronic) in a course of time. It is historical lexicology. At the same time, they can study the language use, features and variation within a certai
6、n stage of its development(synchronic). Then it is descriptive lexicology.3. Chapter 21, what are the major foreign influences upon the development of the English vocabulary? Are there any other sources of influence that are not discussed in this chapter? Could you find some and add with examples?2,
7、 what factors do you think might influence the development of the English language? In your opinion, what will be English language be like in 50 years?The English vocabulary sprang from three major root sources; Germanic, Latin, and Greek. Germanic tribes; anglo-Saxons, form AD450 to 1150; old Engli
8、sh period, they contributed about 50. 000 very basic words in todays English.Latin; Roman Occupation, 55BC-AD410. The status of England was re-enhanced as the Latin-speaking missionaries brought Christianity to England. Greek; Roman conquerors turned to learn Greek, and the English nobles began to l
9、earn Latin.French; in 1066, the Norman French conquered Britain and brought the French style of life to England.Italy; the European Renaissance, which originated from Italy in the late 14th century and began in large scale in Western Europe throughout the 15th century, signified a new epoch of scien
10、tific revolution, religious reforms, artistic transformations, and literary revival.as a result of this cultural movement, quite a number of Italian words become a permanent part of the English vocabulary.In the 17th century, British conquered the place we call United State, mixed English with their
11、 language.In conclusion, Roman, Anglo-Saxon, Jute, Viking, Norman.Chapter3 1. What is morpheme? What are the major types of morphemes? What is allomorph 词素变体?A morpheme词素 is the smallest part of a word that has grammatical function or meaning. For example, walks, walked, and walking can be analyzed
12、into the morphemes(walk). None of these morphemes can be further divided into meaningful units.Morpheme; free morpheme自由词素it does not have to be attached to another morpheme. bound morpheme粘着词素they must be attached to some other unit(s). inflectional morpheme屈折词素such as -s, -ed, -ing， the addition o
13、f inflectional morphemes merely changes word form. Such as derivational morpheme派生词素.re-, un-, -ness, -ful . The addition of derivational morphemes creates new words. Such as possibleimpossibleWhen a morpheme has variant forms, these variant forms are called allomorphs. Allomorphs are different real
14、izations of the same morpheme. Such as toothteeth, sheepsheep(different pronunciation.)Chapter4The formation of English Words; derivation派生法; is the process by which new words are formed form existing words or roots by adding affixes词缀( prefix, suffix). Such as; self+lessselfless, self+less+lyselfle
15、ssly, un+self+ishunselfish. compounding复合法；is a direct process of word formation. A compound word is usually formed of two or more independent words that can be used alone as individual words.Eg; database, weblog, webpage, customer service, data retrieval, mass-destructionconversion转类法；is a process
16、in which the part of speech of a word changes while its form is maintained. Conversion is also defined as” zero derivation,” which means that a word can play a new role without deriving anything or making any changes. Such as; water n, v. bottleto bottle, closet, fool, knife, name, pocket, ship, can, e-mail, heat, microwave, nurse, shape, tutor. nv blending拼缀法；is a word formation process in
