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1、按结构分的句子如果按结构分,英语句子可以分为四类:简单句、并列句、复合句和并列复合句。1. 简单句(Simple Sentence)只含有一个主谓结构并且句子各成分都只由单词或短语构成的独立句子或分句叫做简单句。在简单句中主语和谓语是句子的主干,是句子的核心。除了主语和谓语外,简单句中还可以有宾语、表语、补语、状语、定语等。因这些附加成分存在情况的不同,简单句衍生出六大基本句型。分别是:主语+谓语、主语+系动词+表语、主语+谓语+宾语、主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语、主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语和there be句型:这部分内容将在本章第二节详细讲解。简单句虽然简单,却是英语最重要的句型。简单
2、句分为陈述句、疑问句、感叹句和祈使句四种,这些内容在前文已经讲过,就不重复讲解。下面列举简单句的几个例子:Time flies.时光飞逝。We like English.我们喜欢英语。The film is interesting.这部电影很有趣。I bought my wife a book.我给妻子买了一本书。We named our baby Bush.我们给孩子取名叫布什。There are some students in the dormitory.宿舍里有一些学生。2.并列句(Compound Sentence)并列句是由两个或两个以上的简单句用并列连词连在一起构成的句子。并列句
3、中的各简单句意义同等重要,相互之间没有从属关系,是平行并列的关系。其基本结构是“简单句+并列连词+简单句”。常用的并列连词有:and,but,or,so等。并列句中简单句的关系可分为四种:联合关系、选择关系、转折关系和因果关系。(1)联合关系联合关系并列句常用的连词有:and,when, not onlybut(also)neithernor等。例:Gasoline price will rise by RMB 300 per ton and diesel price will rise by RMB 290 per ton.汽油价格每吨将上调300元,柴油价格每吨将上调290元。Not on
4、ly is this young man clever but also he is hardworking.这个年轻人不仅聪明,还很勤奋。(2)选择关系选择关系并列句常用的连词有or,otherwise,orHurry up, or (else) youll miss the class.快点,否则就耽误课了。Will he still be there or will he have gone away?他还在那里还是可能已经走了?cold.otherwise you will catch穿上雨衣,否则就感冒了。Either I would consult him or he could
5、ask me for advice.不是我询问他,就是他向我征求意见。(3)转折关系转折关系并列句常用的连词有 but, yet,rather than, nevertheless,while,whereas等。例:The method seems good,but it needs to be tried out.这个方法似乎不错,但需要试验一下。Shes vain and foolish, and yet people like her.她自负又缺少智慧,然而人们喜欢她。I like tea, while (whereas) she likes coffee.我喜欢喝茶而她喜欢喝咖啡。We
6、 are leaving, nevertheless we shall return.我们要走了,不过我们还要回来。在搭配上还应注意but,while不与although连用,但yet,still可与although连用。例:Although she was not herself,she still went to room for individual study.虽然她今天感觉不舒服,可她还是去了自习室。此外,副词still,however也可以表示转折关系。例:He is well-educated, still I dont like him.他受过良好教育,可是我还是不喜欢他。I
7、feel a bit tired, however, I can hold on.我有点累了,但我能坚持下去。(4)因果关系因果关系并列句常用的连词有for,so等。例:Sorry, Im late today, for I have to send my child to the school first.抱歉,今天来晚了,因为要先把孩子送到学校。There is heavy smog today, so we cannot see the building across the street clearly.今天雾霾很重,所以看不清街对面的楼。3. 复合句(Complex Sentence
8、)复合句指的是含有两个或更多的主谓结构的句子。复合句中的主谓结构之间的关系不是并列、对等的。其中一个主谓结构是主要的,叫做句子的主句(main clause),另一个(或更多)主谓结构充当句子的某一(些)成分,如主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、同位语等。主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、定语从句、状语从句和同位语从句都属于复合句中的从句(subordinate clause)。(1)主语从句在复合句中用作主语的从句叫主语从句。主语从句有两个特征:一、为了强调主语从句的内容,可将从句置于句首;二、大部分主语从句都可以用it作形式主语。主语从句主要有四类由连词that引导的主语从句。例:That you
9、 will win the medal seems unlikely.你想获得奖牌看来是不可能的。That you are so indifferent bothers me.你如此冷淡使我很烦恼。That she survived the accident is a miracle.她在事故中幸免于难简直是奇迹。用连接代词who,whom,whose,what,which,whoever,whomever, whichever,whatever或连接副词when,why,where,how和疑问连接词whether等引导的主语从句。例:Which of them escaped from t
10、he prison is still a mystery.他们哪一个是从监狱里逃跑的,仍然是个谜。When they will come hasnt been made public.他们什么时候来还不知道。Whether she is coming or not doesnt matter too much.她来不来都无关紧要。为了保持句子平衡,主语从句常用it作形式主语,将主语从句后置。用it作形式主语的主语从句结构如下:It is+名词/形容词/过去分词+ that从句用形式主语it引导的主语从句相当多,有些已形成固定的语法和译法。常见的有:It is said/reported/wel
11、l known/announced/ believed/thought that和 It must be pointed out/ admitted that例:It is an understandable fact that many employers may prefer to use the services of children simply to save money by paying them less than adults.不少老板喜欢雇佣童工,通过付出比给成人少的工资来省钱,这是可以理解的事实。(2)宾语从句宾语从句,在复合句中作主句的宾语,它属于名词性从句。它可以作
12、主句谓语动词的宾语,也可以作介词的宾语。宾语从句以从句的句式来决定连接词。连接词的引导词包括:从属连词that, if,whether;连接代词who, whom, whose, which,what和连接副词when,where,how,why。具体操作方法是:如果陈述句作从句,连接词用that,在口语和非正式语体中常可省略that。2特殊疑问句作从句,就用原来的特殊疑问词。一般疑问句作从句,连词用if或whether,选择疑问句只用whether。例:He told me (that) he would go to postgraduate school the next year.他告诉
13、我他明年上研究生。Could you please tell me how you use the new mechanical arms?你能告诉我怎么用这个新的机械臂吗?(3)表语从句表语从句放在连系动词之后,充当复合句中的表语。可接表语从句的连系动词包括be,look,seem,sound, appear, prove, turn out等。表语从句可以由连接词whether,that,asif/though,连接代词who, whom, whose, which,what或连接副词when, where, how, because, why等引导。(if不能引导表语从句。)例:It s
14、ounds as if somebody is knocking at the door.听起来好像有人在敲门。2 what引导的主语从句表示结果或名词reason作主语时,后面的表语从句表示原因时要用that引导,不宜用because。例:What makes the average marriage age for women in Shanghai climb to over 30 years is that people give greater priority to careers than to families.导致上海女性结婚平均结婚年龄推迟到30来岁的原因是人们相对家庭更重
15、视事业。(此句中that不能由because代替)The reason for her not believing him anymore is that he once cheated on her.她不再相信他的原因是他曾经欺骗过她。(此句中uhos不集出年议1成?命今舍义的名词后的表语从句,谓语动词需用“should+动词原形”表示,should可省略。常见的词有:advice, suggestion, order, proposal, plan,idea等。例:My suggestion is that our country (should) monitorPM10 in the future.我的建议是国家应该在未来监测PM10.(4)定语从句定语从句是由关系代词和关系副词引导的从句,其作用是作定语,修饰主句的某个成分,定语从句分为限定性和非限定性从句两种。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后,由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出。关系代词有:who,whom,whose,that,which等。关系副词有:when,where,why等。关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在从句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语