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1、Thales of Miletus ( (pronounced /eliz/ or THEH-leez) , ca. 624 BCca. 546 BC), was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher from Miletus in Asia Minor, and one of the Seven Sages of Greece. Many, most notably Aristotle, regard him as the first philosopher in the Greek tradition.1 According to Bertrand Russel
2、l, Western philosophy begins with ThalesNotable ideasWater is the physis, Thales theorem泰勒士( Thales，生活在约公元前585年)是古希腊哲学家、古希腊七贤之一、米利都学派的创始人。生于希腊繁荣的港口城市米利都城，据说曾游历过埃及等地，并测量过金字塔的高度，还成功预测过一次日蚀。 泰勒士认为万物由水构成，水是万物之源。这种观点可能是因为看到海水蒸发的过程而形成的。据传说他的格言是：水是最好的。泰勒士还曾宣称，万物中皆有神在。 泰勒士对希腊哲学有着重要的影响。阿那克西曼德据说是他的学生。还有传说认为，毕
3、达哥拉斯早年也曾拜访过泰勒士，并听从了他的劝告，前往埃及进行过研究。 Heraclitus of Ephesus (Ancient Greek: Hrkleitos ho Ephsios; c. 535c. 475 BCE) was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher, a native of Ephesus, Ionia, on the coast of Asia Minor. He was of distinguished parentage. Little is known about his early life and education, but he
4、 regarded himself as self-taught and a pioneer of wisdom. From the lonely life he led, and still more from the riddling nature of his philosophy and his contempt for humankind in general, he was called the The Obscure, and the Weeping Philosopher.Heraclitus is famous for his doctrine of change being
5、 central to the universe, summarized in his famous quote, You can not step twice into the same river. He believed in the unity of opposites, stating that the path up and down is one and the same, existing things being characterized by pairs of contrary properties. His cryptic utterance that all thin
6、gs come to be in accordance with this Logos, (literally, word, reason, or account) has been the subject of numerous interpretations赫拉克利特（Heraclitus，约公元前540年前480年），古希腊哲学家、爱非斯派的创始人。生于爱非斯一个贵族家庭。他的文章晦涩难懂，富有隐喻。赫拉克利特的理论以毕达哥拉斯的学说为基础。他借用毕达哥拉斯“和谐”的概念，认为在对立与冲突的背后有某种程度的和谐，而协调本身并不是引人注目的。他认为冲突使世界充满生气。赫拉克利特还认为，火是
7、万物的本原，“一切事物都换成火，火也换成一切事物”。 赫拉克利特也认为所有东西都是流动的，每一件事物都在不断变换，他的名言是：“人不能两次踏入同一条河流，因为无论是这条河还是这个人都已经不同。”苏格拉底因此称赫拉克利特为“流动者”。 赫拉克利特的对立理论则指出，世间的事物都是相对的，在没有理解恶的时候也就不可能理解善。 赫拉克利特认为神是涵盖整个世界的事物。但他常常用逻各斯（logos，即理性）一词来代替神。他相信世界上有“普遍的理性”来指导大自然发生的每一件事。 He was the first man to call himself a philosopher, or lover of w
8、isdom,3 and Pythagorean ideas exercised a marked influence on Plato. Unfortunately, very little is known about Pythagoras because none of his writings have survived. Many of the accomplishments credited to Pythagoras may actually have been accomplishments of his colleagues and successors毕达哥拉斯(Pythag
9、oras, 希腊文 ，约前580年前500年)，古希腊哲学家、数学家和音乐理论家。生于萨摩斯岛，早年曾游历埃及，后定居意大利南部城市克罗顿，并建立了自己的社团。公元前510年因发生反对派的造反，毕达哥拉斯又搬到梅达彭提翁，直至死去。毕达哥拉斯的哲学思想受到俄耳浦斯的影响，具有一些神秘主义因素。他认为社会中有三类人，而灵魂属于轮回的结果。但同时从毕达哥拉斯开始，希腊哲学开始产生了数学的传统。毕达哥拉斯曾用数学研究乐律，而由此所产生的和谐的概念也对以后古希腊的哲学家有重大影响。毕达哥拉斯还是在西方第一个发现勾股定理（在西方又称毕达哥拉斯定理，Pythagoras Theorem）的人。 在宇宙论方
10、面，毕达哥拉斯结合了米利都学派以及自己有关数的理论。他认为存在着许多但有限个世界，并坚持大地是圆形的，不过则抛弃了米利都学派的地心说。毕达哥拉斯对数学的研究还产生了后来的理念论和共相论。即有了可理喻的东西与可感知的东西的区别，可理喻的东西是完美的、永恒的，而可感知的东西则是有缺陷的。这个思想被柏拉图发扬光大，并从此一直支配着哲学及神学思想。 Socrates (pronounced /skrtiz/; Greek: , Skrts; c. 469 BC399 BC1) was a Classical Greek philosopher. Credited as one of the found
11、ers of Western philosophy, he is an enigmatic figure known only through the classical accounts of his students. Platos dialogues are the most comprehensive accounts of Socrates to survive from antiquity.2Through his portrayal in Platos dialogues, Socrates has become renowned for his contribution to
12、the field of ethics, and it is this Platonic Socrates who also lends his name to the concepts of Socratic irony and the Socratic method, or elenchus. The latter remains a commonly used tool in a wide range of discussions, and is a type of pedagogy in which a series of questions are asked not only to
13、 draw individual answers, but to encourage fundamental insight into the issue at hand. It is Platos Socrates that also made important and lasting contributions to the fields of epistemology and logic, and the influence of his ideas and approach remains strong in providing a foundation for much weste
14、rn philosophy that followed.As one recent commentator has put it, Plato, the idealist, offers an idol, a master figure, for philosophy. A Saint, a prophet of the Sun-God, a teacher condemned for his teachings as a heretic.3 Yet, the real Socrates, like many of the other Ancient philosophers, remains
15、 at best enigmatic and at worst unknown.cratic irony and the Socratic method, or elenchus. The latter remains a commonly used tool in a wide range of discussions, and is a type of pedagogy in which a series of questions are asked not only to draw individual answers, 3 Notable ideasPlatonic realism柏拉
16、图是一名理想主义者和理性主义者，柏拉图相信我们的物质世界其实是一个不完美的世界，在它的背后有一个完美的理念的世界。而亚里士多德则认为，我们对世界的认识是从我们的感官而来的。因此，其实亚里士多德的哲学开创了之后的科学方法。亚里士多德的著作到今天依然存在，它们大多是教科书式的文献，很多甚至是亚里士多德学生的笔记。 Aristotle The roots of education are bitter , but the fruit is sweetExcellence is an art won by training and habituation. We do not act rightly because we
