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1、The Professional English for Inorganic Nonmetallic MaterialsA. Translation1. We define ceramics as the art and science of making and using solid articles which have as their essential component ,and are composed in large part of, inorganic nonmetallic materials.我们把陶瓷学定义为制造和应用由无机非金属材料作为基本组分组成的固体制品的技术
2、和科学。2. The origination of novel ceramic materials and new methods of manufacture requires us to take a fundamental approach to the art and science and a broad view of the field.新颖的陶瓷材料和新的制造方法的出现，要求我们对这种技艺和科学进行基础性的探讨，并且要对相关领域有更广泛的认识。3.Perhaps even more important than being useful or necessary of them
3、selves are those situations in which the feasibility or effectiveness of a large system depends critically on its ceramic components.也许比陶瓷本身的实用性或必要性更为重要的是，一个大的系统是否切实可行或有效，在很大程度上取决于这一系统中所使用的陶瓷组件。4. This leverage in the importance of ceramic materials has in many cases led to intensive research toward
4、 a better understanding of properties, often out of all proportion to their dollar value.在很多情况下，陶瓷材料所具有的举足轻重的地位导致了对其进行深入的研究，以便更好地了解它的性能。陶瓷材料的重要性经常远远超过了它们的经济价值。5. One is to use fine ceramic particles mixed with a liquid or binder or lubricant or pore spaces, acombination that has rheological properti
5、es (classically the plasticity of a clay-water mixture) which permit shaping .Then by heat treatment the fine particles are agglomerated into a cohesive , useful product. The essentials of this procedure are first to find or prepare fine particles, shape them , and thenstick them back together by he
6、ating. The second basic process is to melt the material to form a liquid andthen shape it during cooling and solidification,thisis most widely practiced in forming glasses.一种是用细颗粒陶瓷原料拌以液体或黏结剂或润滑剂或气体空隙，这样的混合物具有利于成形的流变性质（在经典方法中是黏土水混合物的可塑性） ；这些细颗粒经热处理后可以凝结成为黏合的有用制品。这种工艺的要点是首先寻求或制备细小的粉粒，将其成形，然后经焙烧将其黏结在一
7、直。第二种基本工艺是将原料熔融成液体，然后在冷却和固体时成形；这种工艺非常广泛地应用于成形玻璃制品。6. The mineralogic characteristic of such materials and therefore their ceramic properties are subject to wide variation among different occurrences or even within the same occurrence , depending on the geologicalenvironment in which the mineral depo
8、sit was formed as well as the physical and chemical modificationsthat have taken place during subsequent geological history.由于形成矿床的地质环境以及后来的地质历史过程中所发生的物理和化学变化等方面的差异，产地甚至是同一产地的原材料的矿物学特性及其相关的陶瓷性能也会有很大的差异。不同7.Second, they fuse over a temperature range, depending on composition , in such a way as to bec
9、ome dense and strong without losing their shape at temperatures which can be economically attained.第二，根据其组成，黏土可以在某一温度范围内熔融，这就使得坯体在能经济地达到的温度下变得密实、坚硬而又不失去其外形。8. Although most traditional ceramic formulations are based on the use of natural mineral materials which are inexpensive and readily available
10、, an increasing fraction of specialized ceramic ware depends on the availability of chemically processed materials which may or may not start directly from mined products and in which the particle-size characteristics and chemical purity are closely controlled.虽然大多数传统陶瓷是以价廉而且容易获得的天然矿物原料为基础配制的，但越来越多的
11、特种陶瓷制品却依赖于化工原料。这些原料有的可以直接用矿物产品制得，有的则不能。这些化工原料的颗粒尺寸特性和化学纯度是严格控制的。9. In general, raw-material preparation is clearly headed toward the increasing use of mechanical ,physical, and chemical purification and upgrading of raw materials together with special control of particle size andparticle-size distri
12、bution and away from the sole reliance on materials in the form found in nature.总之，原材料的制备下明显地朝着这样一些方向发展， 那就是 :越来越多地采用机械的、 物理的以及化学的提纯办法，提高原材料的等级同时特别控制其颗粒尺寸和粒径分布，把原材料从单纯依赖天然原料的状况中摆脱出来。10. Mixing in a coarser materials allows the fines to fill the interstices between the coarse particles such that amax
13、imum particle-packing density is achieved at a ratio of about 70% coarse and 30% fine material when two particle sizes are used.当采用两种尺寸的颗粒时，可使细颗粒填入较粗的颗粒间隙中，这样在粗细颗粒的比例分别约为70%和 30%时，就可以获得最大的颗粒堆积密度。11. The process can be mechanized by soft-plastic pressing between porous plaster molds and also by autom
14、atic jiggering which consists of placing a lump of soft plastic clay on the surface of a plaster-of-parismold and rotating it at about 400rpm while pulling a profile tool down on the surface to spread the clay and form the upper surface.这种工艺可以在多孔石膏模间用软塑性加压的办法或用自动辘轳上来实现机械化， 方法是在熟石膏模的表面放一团软塑性黏土，当石膏模以
15、400 转每分钟的速度转动时，用样板置于泥料表面以铺展泥料，并使泥料表面成形。12. The diversity of ceramic products, which range from microscopic single-crystal whiskers tiny magnets ,and substrate chips to multiton refractory furnace blocks ,from single-phase closely controlledcompositions to multiphase multicomponent brick , and from porefree transparent crystals and glasses to lightweight insulating foams is such that no simple classification is appropriate.陶瓷制品是多种多样的，从微细的单晶晶须、细小的磁芯和衬底基片到几吨重的耐火炉体砌块，从严格控制其组成的单相制品到多相多组分的砖瓦， 从无气孔而透明的各类晶体和玻璃到轻质绝缘的泡沫制品。品种如此之多以至于没有一种简单的分类方法是恰当的。13. One is to consider them from an atomistic p
