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1、Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)Since the days of Aristotle, a search for universal principles has characterized the scientific enterprise. In some way
2、s, this quest for commonalities defines science. Newtons laws of motion and Darwinian evolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a single explicatory frame work.(46)In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a theory of everythinga single genera
3、tive equation for all we see.It is becoming less clear, however, that such a theory would be a simplification, given the dimensions and universes that it might entail, nonetheless, unification of sorts remains a major goal.This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sci
4、ences too. (47)Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification for it all humans share common origins it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings. Just as the bewildering variety of human courtship rituals might all be considered forms of s
5、exual selection, perhaps the worlds languages, music, social and religious customs and even history are governed by universal features. (48)To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behavior arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cogniti
6、ve terms.That, at least, is the hope. But a comparative study of linguistic traits published online today supplies a reality check. Russell Gray at the University of Auckland and his colleagues consider the evolution of grammars in the light of two previous attempts to find universality in language.
7、The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky, who suggested that humans are born with an innate languageacquisition capacity that dictates a universal grammar. A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language, which is why children
8、 can learn it so quickly.(49)The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many language which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraintsGray and his colleagues have put them t
9、o the test by examining four family trees that between them represent more than 2,000 languages.(50)Chomskys grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it. Whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies be
10、tween particular types of word-order relations.Neither of these patterns is borne out by the analysis, suggesting that the structures of the languages are lire age-specific and not governed by universals.翻译46.在物理学领域，有一种方法将这种“万物归一的冲动”推向了极致，它试图探寻到能解释一切的，最底层的公式。47. 在这一点上，达尔文学说似乎给人们提供了准则， 如果所有人种同宗同源，那么 “文化多样性也能追溯到更为单一的源头”的假定也就不无道理了。48.将偶发的和独特的从这些共性中筛除掉能够让我们了解文化行为的复杂起源以及是什么在发展中或认知过程中指导我们。49.第二，乔舒亚格林贝格采用了一个更加经验主义的方法来解释普遍性；他认为许多语言都共有特性，（尤其是在语序上）；这些特性被认为代表了由认知限制所带来的偏见；50. 乔姆斯基的语法应该表现了语言改变的模式，该模式是独立于家谱也独立于贯穿家谱的路径，而格林伯根的统一性理论则预言了不同种语序关系之间的强烈的相互依存性。
