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1、130第八讲 非谓语动词第八讲 非谓语动词在句子里作为谓语出现的动词，称为限定动词；不作为谓语出现的动词称为非限定动词或非谓语动词。限定动词在句中作谓语受主语的人称和数的限制；非限定动词不可单独用作谓语，不受主语的人称和数的限制，所以又称动词的非谓语形式。非限定动词具有双重性质，即一方面保留着动词的某些特征，如可以有自己的宾语、状语等构成非限定动词短语，还可以有时态和语态的变化；另一方面又具有名词、形容词和副词的某些特征，在句中可以担任主语、宾语、表语、定语和状语等。英语的非谓语动词有三种形式：不定式、动名词和分词。其中-ed分词没有时态和语态的变化，动词不定式和-ing分词的时态和语态变化形
2、式见下表（以动词do为例）：语 态 形 式 时 态 主动语态被动语态不定式-ing分词不定式-ing分词一般形式to do doing to be done being done 进行时to be doing 完成时to have donehaving done to have been donehaving been done完成进行时to have been doing 一、动词不定式1. 动词不定式的句法功能1) 作主语。多表示具体的或未来的动作。例如：To see is to believe. 百闻不如一见。To err is human. 犯错误是人之常情。To persevere
3、means victory. 坚持就是胜利。在现代英语中，常用it作形式主语，而把真正的主语动词不定式 (或短语) 放在谓语之后。特别当句子的不定式主语太长时，为避免结构上的头重脚轻，多采用it 形式主语句。常见的这类结构有：a. 形如It is easy (hard, difficult, right, wrong, necessary) to do sth.。如：It is difficult to finish the work. 完成这项工作是困难的。It must be hard to live only on your salary. 仅靠工资生活，日子一定很艰苦。b. 形如It
4、is a pleasure (an honour, a pity, fun, no easy job) to do sth.。如： It is great fun to go swimming in the sea. 在大海里游泳很痛快。c. 形如It takes sb. (some time) to do sth.。如：It took me almost two hours to cover the whole distance. 走完全程花了我两个小时。It costs nothing to be polite. 讲礼貌无需代价。It always pays to tell the tru
5、th. 说实话总是不会吃亏的。2) 与助动词一起组成谓语。例如：The letter is to be handed to Mr. Wilson himself. 这封信将被交给威尔森先生本人。I was just about to leave when the phone rang. 我正要离开时，电话响了。 Im going to sell this old car and buy a new one. 我打算卖掉这部旧车，买辆新的。3）作表语。例如：His wish is to be a doctor. 他的愿望是当一名医生。What surprised me most is to he
6、ar him ill. 最让我吃惊的是听说他病了。4) 作宾语。有些及物动词常跟不定式作宾语，如agree, apply, ask, love, like, prepare, help, want, decide, hope, manage, plan等。例如： He wanted to borrow my bike. 他想借我的自行车。What do you plan to do for the weekend? 这个周末你打算干什么？5) 作定语。放在其所修饰的名词或代词之后。例如：He was always the first to come and last to leave the
7、office. 他总是第一个到办公室，最后一个离开办公室。He has an important meeting to attend. 他有个重要的会议要参加。6) 作状语。表示目的，原因，结果等。例如：We eat to live, not live to eat. 我们吃饭是为了活着，但活着不是为了吃饭。（目的） He felt relieved to have solved the tough problem. 解决了那个难题，他感到欣慰。（原因）You wouldnt do that to save your life. 即使为了救自己的命也不能那样做。（让步）7）作补足语。例如：I
8、want you to be happy. 我要使你幸福。The manager will leave me to attend the matter when he is out. 经理不在时会托我照管事务。8) 作独立成分能够作独立成分的不定式短语往往形成了固定的形式和用法，如to begin with (首先), to be frank (坦率地说), to be brief (简言之), to be exact (精确地说), to tell you the truth (老实说), to make / cut a long story short (长话短说), to put it
9、another way (换句话说), to get back to the point (言归正传), so to speak (可以这么说)，等等。例如：The rush work was completed in less one daysix hours, to be sure. 这一大堆活不到一天确切地说只有6个小时就做完了。To tell you the truth，the film was a great disappointment to me. 老实说，那部电影令我大失所望。2. 动词不定式的否定形式不定式的否定式由“not或其他否定副词never, hardly 等 + 动
10、词不定式”构成。例如：Not to be moved by the story would require a heart of stone. 不为之所感只需要有铁石心肠。He promised never to tell a lie again. 他保证今后绝不再说谎。Fugitives were nowhere to be seen. 到处都看不到有逃亡者。The changes in her personality are so trivial as hardly to be noticed. 她的个性中的变化很微小，几乎不能引起注意。3.“疑问词 + 动词不定式”结构构成这种结构的疑问
11、词有who / whom, what, which等疑问代词和where, when，whether， how等疑问副词。它在句中可用作主语、宾语、表语、介词宾语、补足语、同位语及双重宾语等。例如：How to earn daily by my pen was then the problem. 如何靠我的笔吃饭在当时是个难题。（主语）He did not know whether to go there or not. 他不知道是否该去那里。（宾语）One of the main problems of this country is how to control the rapidly i
12、ncreasing population.这个国家主要问题之一是如何控制快速增长的人口。（表语）They exchanged views on the question of who to elect.他们就选谁这个问题交换了看法。（介词宾语）We dislike being told what to do and what not to do. 我们不喜欢被别人指使着做什么或不做什么。（主补）Will you advise me where to stay? 你会建议我住哪吗？（宾补）The problem how to put right the mistakes of the past
13、is not our only problem. 如果纠正过去错误，并不仅是我们的问题。（同位语）I can tell you where to get this book. 我可以告诉你在哪买这本书。（直宾）此外，“介词 + 关系代词 + 不定式”结构还能用作定语。如：She is a nice person with whom to work. 她是一个很好共事的人。There is no key with which to open the door. 没有开这扇门的钥匙。4. 使用动词不定式需要注意的一些问题1) 不定式作使役动词let, make, have等和感官动词see, wa
14、tch, notice, look at, observe, hear, listen to, feel等的宾语补足语时一般不带to：动词help后的不定式可以带to, 也可以不带to。在被动语态中作补语的不定式to不能省略。例如： I saw him leave the room. 我看见他离开了房间。He was seen to leave the room. 有人看见他离开了房间。Could you help me (to) lift the box? 请你帮助我抬抬这个箱子好吗？2) 介词except, but之后跟不定式作宾语时，如果介词前有动词do的某种形式，可以省略to；反之不定
15、式要带to。例如：She will do anything but help the boy with his lessons. She wanted nothing except to stay here. 3) 当主语是all或是what引导的名词性从句，主语受only, first, one, least或形容词最高级修饰，且主语部分有实义动词do的某种形式时，作表语的不定式可带也可不带to。例如：What I want to do is (to) give them more help. 我想做的就是给予他们更多的帮助。The only thing you have to do is (to) stay home and sleep all day. All he does is gossip about others. The least you can do is help up a little.4) 在had better, would rather /sooner (than), cannot but, cannot help but, do nothing but,
