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1、Figure 1: Value Differences between Western and Non-Western CulturesWestern Cultural ValuesNon-Western Cultural ValuesImpact on Project Management.IndividualismCollectivism/Group+AchievementModestyXEquality/EgalitarianismHierarchyWinningCollaboration/Harmony+Guilt (internal self-control)Shame (exter
2、nal control)XPrideSaving faceXRespect for resultsRespect for status/Ascription+Respect for competenceRespect for eldersTime is moneyTime is lifeAction/DoingBeing/AcceptanceSystematic/MechanicHumanisticTasksRelationship/LoyaltyInformalFormalDirectness/AssertivenessIndirectnessFuture/ChangePast/Tradit
3、ionControlFateSpecific/LinearHolistic+VerbalNon-verbal+(+) = Positive impact of combining both values on outcomes(-) = Negative impact of combining both values on outcomes (culture clash)(X) = No direct impact on outcomes Adapted from Kohls (1981); Marquardt and Kearsley (1999)Australian Academic Cu
4、lture“Hello everybody! I want to share something that I got from my cross culture studies. I think its really important if you want to go study abroad in Western countries, such as Australia.When you go to an Australian University, you have to be aware of their academic culture, because its really d
5、ifferent from Indonesia. When you do your assignments, you have to be careful. Its not like here where we usually write a descriptive report and we explain in detail about the issue. Here, if we present as many details as possible, we will get a good mark. Well. Its totally different in Western acad
6、emic culture. The explanation or details are not important. You have to critique all viewpoints that you heard or read about and then formulate your own opinion. As long as you can present your supporting arguments, it doesnt matter whether you choose the “for” or “against” side. You are free to giv
7、e your opinion. In fact, you are expected to do so. In seminars, you also have to contribute by asking and arguing with others ideas. Debate and critique are the keys to success in study in Australia. So. start from now on, guys. (Hesdi)There are several things that we have to remember before we mee
8、t a lecturer or tutor for consultation in western academic culture. These are:1. Try to identify your problem and the alternative solution on your own because they wont do it for you! They only will help you to choose the best solution, not find the solution for you! 2. Give logical reasons for your
9、 problem and if you need to negotiate, try to admit your weak position and show that you are motivated to fix up your problem. That is very different with Indonesian academic culture because in our culture, we let our lecturer decide everything for us. (Chiqa)Origins of Indonesian Academic CultureIn
10、 my opinion, the Hindu guru/murid relationship is the philosophical basis of the Indonesian education system. From my experience, in Yogya and among the Javanese, students are people who learn from an expert. This can be seen in terms like “Begawan” (guru), “cantrik” (murid), “menimba ilmu” (take kn
11、owledge from a source, or an expert). It can also be seen in the saying: “taking water from a well” (menimba air). It is common to call an expert “Begawan”, for example, Begawan ekonomi Soemitro (Prof. Soemitro is a senior Indonesian expert in Economic). However, there is a paradigm shift happening
12、now and some lecturers think students should not learn only from one “Begawan”. They dont want to just clone students with the same expertise as themselves. So, students are being encouraged to learn in many schools. Despite this change, the aim of study is not for students to construct knowledge th
13、emselves through academic debate, which is the main goal of western academic culture. Differences in Face to Face CommunicationDont Smile When you Say You are Sorry!This was an unforgettable experience I had with my cyber friend. Hes Australian and we usually use camera and voice chat while chatting
14、. One day, I was supposed to apologize because I didnt answer his call twice. I was in class at that time and were not allowed to answer any calls during the lesson. So, I said “sorry” to him with a little smile but didnt look at him. I got shocked when he suddenly yelled at me, “youre lying”. Later
15、, in the cross-cultural class, I learnt that I shouldnt have done it in that way. Australians tend to look at the person and say sorry without smiling. (Yo)In Australia if you smile when you say sorry people think you dont really mean it or that you are hiding something. Eastern and Western CulturesThe way people ask for help is a good example of the kind of cross cultural problems that are caused by the different points of view of Eastern and Western cultures. Indonesians have a tendency to give an order or a command if they ask for help from someone beneath
