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1、名词的词形变化1. 不规则复数形式1）来自古英语的复数形式， child-children goose-geese mouse-mice penny-pence parenthesis-parentheses ellipsis-ellipses oasis-oases phenomenon-phenomena bacterium-bacteria alumnus-alumni terminus-termini formula-formulae如：foot-feet man-men louse-lice analysis-analyses basis-bases axis-axes crisis
2、crisesdatum-data nucleus-nuclei focus-foci larva-larvae data-datastooth-teeth woman-women ox-oxen appendix-appendices stimulus-stimuli hypothesis-hypotheses criterion-criteria medium-media fungus-fungi radius-radii alga-algae lens-lenses 。2）词尾读音为f并以一f或0 fe结尾的名词复数形式有以下几种情况：a）规则形式：belief-beliefschiefc
3、hiefscliff cliffsgriefgriefsb）不规则形式，即把f或fe变成V，再加es,读音为vz:calf-calveshalf-halvesleaf leaveslifelivesloaf-loavesself-shelvesthief-thieveswife-wiveswolf-wolvesc）既可是规则形式又可是不规则形式：dwarf-dwarfs/dwarveshoof-hoofs/hovesscarf-scarfs/scarveswharf-wharfs/wharves3）词干以 o 结尾的名次有三种情况：a） 附属形式为一s :这类词包括缩略词kilos, phot
4、os ;表示国籍或民族的词Filipinos, Eskimos 以及 radios ,solos, sopranos, studiosb）复数形式为一es，如：heroes, potatoes, tomatoes, Negroes 。c）复数有规则的和不规则的两种形式，如：cargo-cargos/cargoesmosquito-mosquitos/mosquitoesvolcano-volacbos/volcanoes2. 单复数同形的名词1）某些动物名词，如： deer, grouse, salmon, trout, carp, bison, sheep 等2）以 ese 或 ss 结尾的
5、表示民族或国籍的名词，如： Chinses, Japanese, Portuguese, Swiss, Vietnamese 等3）某些以 s 结尾的名词，如： barracks, corps, crossroads, gallows, headquarters, means, series, species, works 等4）某些表示计量单位的名词，如： horsepower, hertz, kilohertz, li, mu 等 其他一些名词，如： aircraft, spacercarft, craft, offspring 等。其中请特别注意 s 结尾的单复数同形的名词，它们是考试的
6、重点！3. 不可数名词 不可数名词前一般不需要加定冠词，永远不能加不定冠词！ 不可数名词作主语，谓语要用单数形式。如： Water is important.但如果不可数名词前面被 piece, drop, set 等词修饰时， 谓语应该与 piece, drop, set 等的单复数形式保持一致例如： Few drops of water are needed to save the flower. 下面是典型的不可数名词，是应该熟记的！air,smoke,steam,vapor,hydrogen,oxygen,nitrogen,water,oil,soup,juice,ink,rain,
7、snow,ice,tea,coffee,wine,sunlight,sunshine,lightning,thunder,weather,darkness,heat,light,electricity,energy,power,sugar,s alt,rice,corn,powder,flour,sand,dust,dirt,garbage,grass,hair,furniture,luggage,clothing,mail,equipment,food,meat,fruit,b read,toast,stone,iron,copper,chalk,paper,glass,wood,money
8、,poetry,jewelry,machinery,weaponry,personnel,scenery,ha ppiness,kindness,honesty,friendship,attention,wisdom,success,courage,bravery,health,wealth,ignorance,trouble,ease,luck,lau ghter,love,peace,news,information,knowledge,intelligence,fun,pleasure,entertainment,enjoyment,recreation,relaxation,progre ss,room,work,homework,population,percent,mathematics,econmics,statistics,meteorology,anthropology,architecture,physi cs,photography,ethics,politics,mechanics,genetics,geology,geography,chemistry,philosophy,biology,history,music,Engli sh,measles,mumps,diabetes,malaria,pediatrics, obsterics
