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1、1. induction of microbial cellulose(bio-cellulose)What is microbial cellulose (bio-cellulose)?Microbial cellulose is the cellulose produce from microorganism metabolism.Microorganism from the genera Aerobacter, Acetobacter, Achromobacter, Agrobacterium, Alacaligenes, Azotobacter, Pseudomonas, Rhizob
2、ium and Sarcina synthesize cellulose. However, only the Acetobacter species produce enough cellulose to justify commercial interest. The most extensively studied member of the Acetobacter species is A. xylinus, formerly known as A. xylinum. A.xylinus extrudes glucan chains from pores into the growth
3、 medium. These aggregate into microfibrils, which bundle to form microbial cellulose ribbons. If the nutrition enough for the microorganism, there will form a gel like membrane. In food industry, people call the jelly-like membrane “nata”. Nata de coco is a chewy, translucent food product produced b
4、y the bacterial fermentation of coconut water.The microbial cellulose also been used in medical device more than 10 years, and since 2002, several cosmetic manufacturer began to use this natural cellulose as essence carrier for face mask. 微生物的介绍：纤维素（生物纤维素）什么是微生物纤维素？微生物纤维素是由微生物新成代谢产生的。微生物是由来自属产气，醋酸杆菌
5、，无菌属，农杆菌，棕色菌，假性单胞菌，根瘤菌和八叠球菌等合成的纤维素。然而，只有醋酸杆菌产生的生物纤维能产生较高的经济效益。醋酸杆菌的物种中被广泛研究的一个成员是A杆菌，A挤压毛孔的葡聚糖链入培养基。这些生物微纤维，捆绑成一个带状纤维素结构。如果有足够的营养，它们将形成一个凝胶样的膜。在食品领域，人们称这种果冻状的膜为“纳塔”。 椰果纳塔是一种耐嚼，半透明的，由椰子水细菌发酵生产的食品。微生物纤维素也被用在医疗设备已有10余年，自2002年以来，一些化妆品生产商开始使用天然纤维素载体作为面膜的承载精华液的载体。Process of Microbial cellulose produce by
6、Acetobacter 醋酸菌产生微生物纤维的过程：Among the bacteria, one of the most advanced types of purple bacteria is the common vinegar bacterium, Acetobacter. This non-photosynthetic organism can procure glucose, sugar, glycerol, or other organic substrates and convert them into pure cellulose). 这些细菌中，紫色细菌中最为活跃的一种是常
7、见的醋细菌，醋酸菌。这些非光和作用菌类可从葡萄糖，蔗糖，甘油或其他有机质中获得并把它们变成纯粹的生物纤维。Acetobacter xylinum is Natures most prolific cellulose-producing bacterium. 木醋杆菌是大自然最丰富的纤维素产生菌。Consider that as many as a million cells can be packed into a large liquid droplet, and if each one of these factories can convert up to 108 glucose mol
8、ecules per hour into cellulose, the product should virtually be made before ones eyes. 假如，数以百万计的细胞可以被包装成一个大的水滴，而且每一个这个工厂每小时把108个多糖分子发酵成纤维素，那么，成品就成功的展现在眼前了。A single cell of Acetobacter has a linear row of pores from which glucan chain polymer aggregates are spun As many as one hundred of these pores
9、can produce a composite cable of glucan polymers resulting in a ribbon. 醋酸菌的一个单细胞有一可以产生葡聚糖链的线性排气孔，只需要其中的一个小孔就可以产出，就像100这样的孔可以产生一个带状的类似复合电缆的线性葡聚糖链。Time lapse analysis of individual Acetobacter cells assembling cellulose ribbons reveals a myriad of activities, each cell acting as a nano-spinneret, pro
10、ducing a bundle of sub-microscopic fibrils.对粘附着链状纤维素的单个醋酸菌细胞的时间错位分析揭示了一系列的活动，每个细胞都发挥着纳米喷丝板的作用，产生了一个亚微观7的纤维束。Together, the entangled mesh of these fibrils produces a gelatinous membrane known as a pellicle.同时，由这些纤维缠绕的网产生了一种胶状的膜，称之为薄膜。 This membrane of pure cellulose, and cells entrapped within it can
11、 be cleaned and dried and the product used for many exciting new applications. 纯纤维素的这种膜，以及它所包裹在内的细胞，都可以清洗、晾干，而且这种产品还被用于很多令人兴奋的新品实验中。One of the unique features of this pure cellulose membrane is that it is very strong in the never dried state, and it can hold hundreds of times its weight in water. 这种
12、纯的生物纤维薄膜的特色之一便是它在干燥的环境中有很强的生命力，并且他能够承载终于它自身几百倍的水分。This great absorbtivity and strength constitute two of the many novel features of microbial cellulose. 强大的吸水性和生命力这两个特点决定了生物纤维的很多特色。 The tiny cellulose produce from Acetobacteria cell微小的纤维产自于醋酸菌细胞Structure of Microbial cellulose (Bio-cellulose)生物纤维面膜的
13、结构 Cultivation of Microbial Cellulose Processed Microbial Cellulose微生物纤维的培养 已经形成的微生物纤维 Raw product of Microbial Cellulose SEM image of Microbial Cellulose微生物纤维的初级产品 微生物纤维的扫描电镜图像 Basic composition of Microbial Cellulose (-1,4-glucan chain)微生物纤维的基本构成图Properties of Microbial cellulose membrane微生物纤维薄膜的特
14、点：1.high water holding capacity (typical membrane can hold up to 200 g of its dry mass in water); high water vapor transmission rate1.超强的储水功能（一般的薄膜，把干膜放在水中，可以储存200 g），特强的水汽转水率2. nanoporous structure does not allow any external bacteria to penetrate into the wound bed2.纳米多孔结构能有效地阻止任何来自外界的细菌的入侵伤口表层，3.
15、 partially dehydrated membrane is able to absorb fluid up to its original capacity. Physical processing of the membrane (i.e., squeezing) can remove part of the initial water and allow the membrane to be more absorbable3.部分脱水的膜亦能够液体至其原有的容量。这个薄膜的物理过程（例如挤压）也可以排除部分最初的水并让薄膜本身变得更具吸附力。4. high elasticity a
16、nd conformability，4.高弹性和适应性5. biocompatible, nonpyrogenic, nontoxic5.生物相容性，无热原性和无毒性6. high mechanical strength6.极强的力学性Different products from microbial cellulose生物纤维的不同产品Food industry食品工业：Desserts (Nata de Coco, low calorie ice creams chips, snacks, candies)甜点（椰果纳塔，低卡里冰激凌条，点心，糖果）Thickeners (ice cream and salad dres
