2012届高三英语一轮复习讲练精品:PartIUnit3 Celebration学案(北师大版).doc

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1、 专题一冠词和名词一、冠词一、概念冠词是虚词,本身不能单独使用,也没有词义,它用在名词的前面,帮助指明名词的含义。英语中的冠词有两种,一种是定冠词the,另一种是不定冠词a和an。二、用法1不定冠词的用法不定冠词a 和an与数词one 同源,是“一个”的意思。a用于以辅音音素开头的单词前,而an则用于以元音音素开头的单词前,均表示泛指。(1)表示“一个”,意为one;指某人或某物,意为a certain。 A Mr Ling is waiting for you. (2)代表一类人或物。 As a middle school student, I must put all my heart i

2、nto my studies.Tom wants to buy an EnglishChinese dictionary for his sisters birthday.(3)词组或短语。 a little / a few / as a rule / in a hurry 2定冠词的用法 定冠词the与指示代词this,that同源,有“那(这)个”的意思,可以和一个名词连用,来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西。 (1)特指双方都明白的人或物。Children in immersion programs hear only the new language in the classroom.(2

3、)上文提到过的人或事。The association says about nine percent of college students in the United States study foreign languages.(3)指世上独一物二的事物。the sun,the sky,the moon,the earth (4)单数名词连用表示一类事物,如: the dollar“美元”; the fox“狐狸”。与形容词或分词连用,表示一类人。the rich“富人”; the living“生者;活着的人”。 (5)用在序数词和形容词最高级,及形容词only,very,same等前面

4、。Thats the very thing Ive been looking for. 那正是我要找的东西。名词一、概念名词:名词是表示人、事物、地点、现象或抽象概念等名称的词。专有名词: 表示具体的人、事物、地点、机构、国家或地区的名词。普通名词:表示某些人、某类事物、某种物质的名称或指某种抽象概念。可数名词:可数名词所表示的人或事物是可以数来计算的,有单、复数形式。不可数名词:不可数名词所表示的事物一般不能用数字来计算,没有词形的变化,这类词主要为抽象名词和物质名词。二、用法名词在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、同位语等成分。Computers now play an imp

5、ortant part in our everyday life.(主语)Tom bought an EnglishChinese dictionary last Sunday.(宾语)Who is the girl performing the dance on the stage?(表语)Mr Wang, our_headteacher,_will give us a talk this afternoon.(同位语)They decided to meet at the school gate and start off by bus.(定语)一、冠词高考试题中对冠词的考查常常集中在以下

6、几个方面:1姓氏与冠词在姓氏的前面加上不定冠词a(n)可以表示“某一个”,在姓氏的复数前面加上定冠词the可以表示“一家人、夫妻两人、兄妹多人”等。A Mr Brown is waiting for you at the school gate.The Smiths were watching TV when I came to their house.2零冠词(即不加冠词)的用法名词前一般需要加冠词,但是在下列情况下不用冠词:(1)在国名、人名及表示季节、月份、和星期的名词前;Having separated from the other continents for millions of

7、 years, Australia has some unique animals.People in the country go swimming in summer and go skating in winter.(2)在抽象名词和物质名词前;Failure is the mother of success.As is known to all, we cant live without water.(3)当表示官衔、职位的名词在句中作宾语、表语和补语时;Obama was elected President of the United States in October 2008.(

8、4)在表示三餐和球类运动的名词前;What shall we have for supper?My little sister is fond of playing football.3不定冠词的位置不定冠词一般位于名词或其修饰语之前,当名词前的形容词被副词as, so, too, how, however, enough修饰时,不定冠词应放在形容词之后。This is so difficult a problem that I cant work it out myself.Little Mary is as good a dancer as her elder sister.4不定冠词在短

9、语中的应用英语中一些有“动词名词”构成的短语,有的名词前有不定冠词,有的没有冠词,这一类的短语应该牢记。make room留空; take place发生catch sight of看见; make sense有意义take hold of抓住;keep order维持秩序have a gift for有天赋;make a present for给做礼物take a look at看一看; make a difference有差别do sb a favor给某人恩惠; have a cold感冒5词组中有无the意思的差别在有些词组中有没有the,词组的含义不同。out of question

10、毫无疑问; out of the question毫无可能in charge of负责; in the charge of被负责in store储备; in the store在商店on watch值班; on the watch留意at church做礼拜; at the church在教堂二、名词分析近几年的高考试题我们可以看出高考在单项填空中对名词的考查主要体现在以下几个方面:1抽象名词的具体化英语中的抽象名词属不可数名词的范畴,没有复数形式,也不能和不定冠词连用。但当一些抽象名词表示具体概念时,既有复数形式,也可加不定冠词。常见的这类词有:success成功;成功的事或人failure

11、失败;失败的人或事knowledge知识;一门知识difficulty困难;难题 necessity必要性;必需品beauty美;美人;美丽的东西danger;危险危险的事情pleasure快乐;快乐的事Though he was seriously injured, the doctor said he was out of danger.(抽象)The man looked round carefully for hiddendangers.(具体)The teacher looked at what was happening in great surprise.(抽象)His comi

12、ng back at midnight was a great surprise to the family.(具体)2单复数含义不同的名词英语中有些物质名词的单数和复数形式表示不同的含义。常见的这类词有:paper纸papers论文 water水waters水域custom习惯customs海关 manner方式manners礼貌look看looks外貌; time时间times时代wood木材woods树林 sand沙子sands沙滩As is known to all, bamboo can be made into paper.We are supposed to hand in ou

13、r papers at the end of this term.3作定语的名词名词作定语时,通常表示中心词的用途、材料、时间、地点等。silver coins银元 peace talks和谈stone houses石头房子 heart trouble心脏病book shop书店 history teacher历史教师evening school夜校 flower show花展注意:名词作定语一般用单数,但也有以下例外。 用复数作定语。sports meeting 运动会students readingroom 学生阅览室talks table 谈判桌the foreign languages

14、 department 外语系man, woman, gentleman等作定语时,其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。a man workermen workersa woman teacherwomen teachers4名词的双重所有格“of n. s”为双重所有格结构,它和of所有格所表示的意义差别不大,但有时各有侧重。双重所有格表示部分概念,of所有格表示所属关系。试比较:This is a picture of his brothers. 这是他弟弟的一张照片。(强调众多照片中的一张)This is a picture of his brother. 这是他弟弟的照片。(强调照片上

15、是他本人)一般说来,当名词前有a(n), any, some, several, few, another及two, three等数字时,通常使用双重所有格。5短语中的名词名词可以和动词、介词构成大量的固定短语,在这些短语中有的名词用单数,有的用复数,有的加冠词,有的不加冠词,对这部分内容同学们要特别留意。catch sight of看见 take turns轮流make an apology to向道歉 pay attention to注意make friends with交朋友 make an effort努力Can you spare me a few minutes? I want to have a word with you?The students in our class took turns to look after the old man.6词义辨析英语中有些名词的意思相同或相近,但在使用

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