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1、2013年英语四级语法指导1. 倒装句精讲 2. 全部倒装和部分倒装: 如果谓语在主语前面, 就是倒装语序. 倒装语序又分为全部倒装和部分倒装. 在全部倒装的句子中, 整个谓语都放在主语的前面:Here are some registered letters for you.In came a man with a white beard.在部分倒装的句子中只是谓语中的一部分(如助动词, 情态动词, 或系动词be等)放在主语前面, 其余部分仍在主语后面:Under no circumstances must a soldier leave his post.I couldnt answer t
2、he question. Nor could anyone else in our class.Only in this way is it possible to accomplish the above-mentioned glorious task.以neither, nor, so等开始的句子: 由so引起的表示前面所说情况也适用于另一人(或东西)的句子(肯定句), 由neither, nor引起的表示前面所说情况也适用于另一人(或东西)的句子(否定句), 助动词或be置于主语前.“We must start for the work-site now”. “ So must we.”
3、I am quite willing to help and so are the others.He didnt drop any hint. Nor (Neither) did his secretary.“I wont do such a thing.” “Nor (Neither) will I.”如果一个句子只是重复前面一句话的意思, 尽管是用so开头, 语序也不要颠倒.“It was cold yesterday.” “So it was.”“Tomorrow will be Monday.” “So it will.”当句首状语为 never, little, not only,
4、 not until, hardly, scarcely等否定词或有否定意义的词语时, 一般引起部分倒装.No longer are they staying with us.No sooner had he arrived there than he fell ill.Under no circumstances could I agree to such a principle.表示位置或方向的副词提前, 谓语动词为 go, come等表示位置转移的动作动词而主语又较长时, 通常用全部倒装:There was a sudden gust of wind and away went his
5、hat.The door burst open and I rushed the crowd.There comes the bus!Now comes your turn.1.如果主语是代词, 仍用正常语序:There comes your turn.有here引起, 谓语为be的句子, 也要倒装:Here is Chinas largest tropical forest.Here are some picture-books.2.如果主语是代词, 仍用正常语序:Here we are. This is the new railway station.“Give me some paper
6、.” “Here you are.”3.表语和系动词提前:介词短语: On the other side was northern Xinjiang.Near the southern end of the village was a large pear orchard.形容词: Very important in the farmers life is the radio weather report.Worst of all were the humiliations he suffered.副词: Below is a restaurant.Southwest of the reser
7、voir were 2,000 acres of sandy wasteland.分词: Housed in the Cultural Palace are a library, an auditorium and recreation rooms.Hidden underground is a wealth of gold, silver, copper, lead and zink.Lying on the floor was a boy aged about 17.Standing beside the table was an interpreter.4 句首状语若由 only + 副
8、词, only + 介词词组, only + 状语从句构成, 引起局部倒装:Only yesterday did he find out that his watch was missing.Only through sheer luck did he manage to get some tickets.Only because there were some cancelled bookings did he get some tickets in the end.有not only开头的句子或分句, 往往引起局部倒装:Not only did he complain about the
9、food, he also refused to pay for it.Not only did the garage overcharge me, but they hadnt done a very good repair job either.非谓语动词与独立主格：短语，句子(或者句子，短语)当短语部分有独立主语，并且该主语不同于句子主语，这时短语结构称为独立主格。(它最明显的特点是短语部分有独立的主语)。独立主格的结构1：名词(代词)+ 分词 现在分词、过去分词现在分词表示主动的，正在进行的行为；过去分词表示被动的，已经完成的行为。 作题时要通过判断动作与名词(代词)之间的关系来确定是
10、使用现在分词还是过去分词。当动作由名词(代词)发出时使用现在分词，而名词(代词)是受动者时则用过去分词。1. Silver is the best conductor of electricity， copper _B_ it closely。A followed B following C to follow D being followed2. All things _A_， the planned trip will have to be called off。A considered B be considered C considering D having consideredca
11、ll off 取消； cancel vt. 取消； 四级中的考点就是现在分词和过去分词的区别。独立主格的结构2：with + 名词(代词)+ 分词 句子当中作状语3. After the Arab states won independence， great emphasis was laid on expanding education， with girls as well as boys _C_ to go to school。A to be encouraged B been encouraged C being encouraged D be encouragedas well as
12、 和(相当于and)； be encouraged不会考。动词不定式有预示将来行为的含义。to be encouraged 将要被鼓励；been encouraged 已经被鼓励完了，与主句的谓语动词相对；being encouraged 正在被鼓励短语部分没有独立主语，则短语结构称为非谓语动词。非谓语动词的结构：分词(分词短语)句子的主语决定非谓语动词中的分词是用主动还是被动形式。如果是句子的主语发出动作，则使用现在分词；如果动作不是由句子的主语发出，则使用过去分词。1.No matter how frequently _A_， the works of Beethoven always a
13、ttract large audiences。A performed B performing C to be performed D being performedperform vt. 表演，演出，演奏；to be performed 将要被演奏； being performed 正在被演奏；一些特殊的动词：第一点：forget 忘记； 反义 remember 记得；这两个词后加动词不定式表示将要进行的行为；这两个词后加动词ing形式表示已经做过的事情。注意：动名词与现在分词形式一样，但含义不同。这两个词后加动词ing形式都是动名词。forget to do sth. 忘记要去做某事； f
14、orget doing sth. 忘记做过某事；remember to do sth. 记得要去做某事； remember doing sth. 记得做过某事；2. I remember _B_ to help us if we ever got into trouble。A once offering B him once offering C him to offer D to offer himoffer vt. 提出，提供； offer sb. sth. / offer to do sth。him once offering 如果改成 his once offering 也正确。201
15、3年大学英语四级常用语法精选动词(时态,语态,用法,省略,一致性等)时态1)现在完成进行时态 (have/has been + -ing 分词构成): 动作或状态从过去某时开始,继续到现在,可能继续下去,也可能刚刚结束.Ive been writing letters for an hour.Ive been sitting in the garden.2)过去完成进行时(由had been + ing分词构成): 过去某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作Id been working for some time when he called.We had been waiting for her for two hours by the time she came.3)将来完成进行时: 将来某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作.By next summer, he will have been working here
