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1、chapter 1 atomic structureelement n.元素 all know materials can be broken down into fundamental substances we call element.我们所知道的所有物质都可以分解成原子。atom n.原子 atom is the smallest particle of matter having all that elements characteristics. 原子时具有元素性质的最小粒子。nucleus /nju:klis，nuklis/ 原子核electron n.电子proton 质子ne
2、utron 中子compound n. 化合物：When two or more elements combine and form a compound, a chemical change takes place.当两种或两种以上的元素结合形成化合物时, 发生化学变化。化学中的物质分为单质和化合物，大部分元素是以化合物的形式存在的。ion n. 离子：when an atom get or lost elections,it becomes ion.原子得失电子后形成离子。cathode n. 阴极（negative electrode）Cathode rays are attracted
3、 by a positive charge.阴极射线被阳电荷所吸引。anode n. 阳极（positive election）A red wire is often attached to the anode.红色电线通常与阳极相联。particle n. 粒子：Particles include moleculars,atoms , protons, neutrons ,electrons and ions.微小粒子包括分子，原子，质子，中子，电子，离子等等。ionisation n. 电离,离子化：We can get some elementary substance by ionis
4、ation.可以通过电离的方法来制取某些单质。ionisation energy n.电离能：the energy needed to remove 1 mol of electrons from 1 mol of gaseous atoms .从原子中移走一个电子所需要的能量。First ionisation energy n.第一电离能 the energy required to remove one electron from each atom in one mole of gaseous atoms is called first ionisation energy,Hi1（201
5、0年真题） as: Ca(g)Ca+(g)+e-;Hi1=+590KJ/molisotope n.同位素：which element have same number of protons ,but different number of neutrons.有相同质子数的元素就是同位素。shielding effect n.屏蔽效应: electrons in the filled inner shells repel electrons in the outer shell and reduce the effect of the positive nuclear ,this is call
6、ed shielding effect.电子都是带负电荷的所以外层的电子受到内层电子的一个排斥力，这是屏蔽效应。 chapter2 atoms molecules and stoichiometryRelative mass n. 相对质量The actual mass of an atom is very small (in the range of 10-20 kg ,for C atomic mass is 1.93310-20g ). Hence relative mass( where the mass of an atom is compared with the mass of
7、one reference atom) is used instead.因为原子本身的质量很小，计算使用都很不方便，因此我们采用一个相对质量，用质量和一个标准物质作比较。relative atomic mass n.相对原子质量：elative atomic mass is the mass of an atom relative to 1/12 times the mass of carbon-12, relative atomic mass is a ratio,it has no unit.相对原子质量就是物质的质量与C-12 原子的1/12 的一个比值。相对原子质量是一个比值，没有单位
8、。relative isotopic mass n. 相对同位素质量relative isotope mass is the mass of one atom of the isotope relative to 1/12 times the mass of one atom of carbon-12.相对同位素质量就是用同位素的质量和1/12 C-12原子的质量相比的一个比值。relative molecular mass n. 相对分子质量As we all know moleculars are all made by atoms so we can get the relative m
9、olecular mass by adding up the relative atomic mass of all the atoms present in the molecule.相对分子质量就是组成分子的各元素的相对原子质量之和。avogadros constant n. 阿伏伽德罗常数：The number of atoms in exactly 12g of carbon -12 is 6.021023 ，the number is called avogadros constant .12克C-12 所含原子的个数是6.021023，这个数就是阿伏伽德罗常数empirical f
10、ormulae n.实验式：empirical formulae of a compound shows the simplest whole number ratio of the element present.实验式表示的是分子中原子的最简单组成。molecular formulae n.分子式molecular formulae shows the total number of atoms of each element present in a molecule of the compound.分子式表示的是分子中原子的组成。titration 滴定：A titration is
11、a way of measuring quantities of reactants.滴定反应是定量测定的一种方法halogen 卤素：在元素周期表中含fluorine氟，chlorine 氯，bromine溴，iodine 碘，astatine 砹五种卤素precipitation n.沉淀:it is a solid.是一种固体物质。两种离子结合后形成一种微溶或不溶物沉淀下来。dilute vt稀释：adding water or something else to decrease the molarities.在溶液中加水或加入其它溶剂使溶液浓度变低。The water will di
12、lute the wine.水能使酒变淡。Molarity n.摩尔浓度：the mol of the substance divided by the volume of the solution ，the unit is mol/dm-3.浓度比上体积就得到我们的摩尔浓度，单位是mol/dm-3chapter3 化学键ionic bond n.离子键 The electrostatic attraction between positive ion and negative ion is called ionic bond.正负离子之间的引力成为离子键，如NaClcovalent bond
13、 n.共价键 A covalent bond is formed when electrons are shared between two atoms.两个原子共用电子形成共价键，如O2metallic bond n.金属键 Metallic bond is an attractive forces between the positive ions and the delocalized electrons.金属键就是金属阳离子和自由电子（离域电子）之间的作用力，它的大小和金属最外层电子数有关，电子数越多，金属键越强。co-ordinate bond n.配位键 In the co-ord
14、inate bond ,one atom provides two electrons that are shared with another atom.thus,the donor atom must have a lone pair of electrons while the acceptor atom must have an empty orbital to accommodate the electrons.一个原子提供一对电子，另一个原子提供一个空轨道。 hydrogen bond n. 氢键 Hydrogen bond are usually represented by t
15、hree dashes: fluorine, oxygen, nitrogen and it is a very strong dipole-dipole attraction.Such as in water:the oxygen atoms have lone pairs of electrons,the hydrogen atom has almost lost both the shared electrons to the oxygen to which it is covalently bonded and this leaves it almost bare of electron.实际上氢键也是一种静电引力，形成氢键的分子中必须带有孤电子对，电负性很大，而且原子半径很小（如N,F,O）。考试时要把元素中的孤对电子标出，把分子中的极性标出，表示出氢键。Van der waals forces n.范德华力 Instantaneous dipole-induced dipole forces is called Van der waals forces.瞬间诱导偶极就是分子间作用力。VSEPR（valence Shell electron pair repulsion）n. 价层电子互斥理论The
