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1、现在完成时一、基本结构肯定形式：主语+助动词have/has + done（动词的过去分词），如：Ive written an article. 我写了一篇文章。否定形式：主语+have/has+ not+ done（动词的过去分词），如： He hasnt changed a little so many years. 这么多年他一点也没变。一般疑问句：把have或has提到主语前面。如：Have you been to Beijing? 你去过北京吗？二、基本用法 现在完成时表示发生在过去的、对现在仍有影响的动作，或表示开始在过去，并且一直延续到现在，甚至还可能延续下去的动作。表示发生在过
2、去且对现在仍有影响的动作时，时间状语有：already, yet, just, once, twice, ever, never, three/many times, before，recently(最近), so far，these days等。如：I have never seen such fine pictures before. 我以前从来没有看过这么好的画。He has just gone to England.他刚去英国。表示发生在过去，一直延续到现在，甚至还可能延续下去的动作或状态时，谓语动词由表示持续动作或状态的延续性动词充当。句中的主要时间状语有：for+一段时间：for
3、four weeks/two years；since+(过去的)时间点：since 1990，since last year/month/week, since two weeks ago和since引导的从句（一般过去时）等。如：辨析since 与 forsince 后的时间状语是一个时间点，表示“从某时间开始”；for引导的是一个时间段，表示“已持续了多长时间”。I have been away from my hometown for thirty years.我离开家乡有30年了。=I have been away from my hometown since thirty years
4、 ago.(提示：for短语可以改写为sinceago , 如: for thirty years= since thirty years ago)Uncle Wang has worked in the factory since it opened.自从这家工厂开张，王叔叔一直在那儿工作。He has taught English since 1990. 他自1990年以来一直教英语。I have been in this school for over two years.我来这个学校两年多了。口语中have got往往表示have(有)的意思：如： They have got thou
5、sands of books in their library. 他们的图书馆里有成千上万本书。 have gone to、have been to与have been in的区别：have gone to“已经去了”，表示人不在这里；have been to“去过”，表示人在这里；have been in表示“已在某地（待了多久）”如：-Where is Mr Li? -He has gone to the UK. 李先生在哪里？他去了英国。-Do you know something about Beijing? 你知道关于北京的事情吗？-Yes，I have been to Beijin
6、g three times. - -是的，我去过北京三次。The Bens have been in New Zealand for one month. Ben一家已经在新西兰待了一个月。在完成时中，一个瞬间性动词（短暂性动作/非延续性动词）不能与表示一段时间的状语连用，此时须将该非延续性动词改为延续性动词或状态动词。Jim的表哥离开南京已经两年了。Jims cousin have been away from Nanjing for two years.（正）Jims cousin have left Nanjing for two years.（误）他的奶奶自从1992年就已经去世了。H
7、is grandma has died since 1992.（误） His grandma has been dead since 1992.（正）英语的行为动词有延续性动词和非延续性动词之分，使用时应注意两者的区别。（一）延续性动词表示一个动作可以持续一段时间或更长，能够和表示一段时间的状语连用。常见的有study，play，do，read ,learn, drive, write, clean, sleep, wait, fly, stay, write, sit, stand, lie，keep等。（二）非延续性动词表示一个瞬间动作，动作一发生即结束。亦称终止性动词/瞬间性动词。常见的
8、有begin，start，finish，go，come，leave，find, get up, arrive , reach, get to, enter, hear, stop, open , close, become, buy, borrow ,lend, happen ,join ,lose, renew, die ,take away, put up , set out ,put on ,get on/off等。难点解释1以上两类动词都能用于现在完成时，表示动作到现在为止已结束。如：He has studied English for three years.他学英语已有三年了。 H
9、e has joined the Party他已入党了。Mum isnt at home. She has gone to the library. 妈妈不在家，她去图书馆了。2延续性动词在完成时中能与表示持续一段时间的状语连用，非延续性动词一般不与表示时间段的状语连用。但在否定句中，可以使用非延续性动词与表示时间段的状语连用。如： His parents talked with the teacher for half an hour.他的父母跟老师谈了半个小时。My parents have lived in Shanghai since 1950.我父母亲从1950年起就一直住在上海。I
10、 havent seen him for ten years.我已有10年没见过他了。3非延续性动词在完成时中不能与一段时间连用，如要与表示持续一段时间的状语连用，通常有两种方法：(1)用意思相当的持续性动词来替换，如：He has been in the army /a soldier for three years.他参军已有三年了。（不能用has joined）She has been up for quite some time. 她起床已有好久了。(不能用has got up) Has your brother been away from home for a long time?
11、你哥哥离家已有好久了吗？（不能用has left）常见的一些非延续性动词与延续性动词的转化对照表：非延续性动词延续性动词非延续性动词延续性动词borrowkeepdiebe deadbuyhavejoinbe in / be a memberleave/ gobe away(from)/ be not herearrivebe thereclosebe closedcomebe herefinish /endbe overlosebe loststart/begin be oncome to be in come backbe backopenbe openget upbe upget to
12、knowknowturn on be onhave got havebecomebemarrybe married(2) It is/ has been+（多久）时间+since+主语（人）+谓语（过去时）+过去的时间状语。用这个结构来使用非延续性动词，如： 电影已经开映五分钟了。（两种方法）The film has been on for five minutes. Its five minutes since the film began. 他离开上海已有三天了。（两种方法）He has been away from Shanghai for three days. It is three
13、 days since he left Shanghai.这本书我还给图书馆已有两周了。（一种方法） Its two weeks since I returned the book to the library.过去完成时 1基本结构肯定形式：助动词had + done（动词的过去分词），如： As soon as we got to the station ,the train had left. 我们到达车站的时候，列车已经走了。否定形式：had+ not+ done，如： I had not been to Shanghai.我没去过上海。一般疑问句：had放于句首。如： Had you
14、 telephoned her before she left? 在她离开之前你给她打过电话吗？2基本用法 过去完成时表示过去某一时间或某一动作发生之前已经完成的动作。简言之，过去完成时所表示的时间是“过去的过去”。过去完成时的时间状语有：by last week（yesterday等），by then，by the end of(last.)或者由when，before等引导时间状语从句。有时句子中会有already，just，once，ever，never等标志词，也会有for或since.构成的时间状语。如： They had already finished cleaning the
15、classroom when their teacher came 当老师来的时候他们已经打扫完教室了。The woman had left before he realized she was a cheat. 在他意识到那个妇女是个骗子时她已经离开了。过去完成时常用于宾语从句及after引导的从句中，或者从句是before引导的主句中。如： After I had put on my shoes and hat ,l walked into the darkness.我穿上鞋子戴上帽子之后走进了黑暗中。He said that he had never seen a kangaroo before. 他说他以前从来没有见过袋鼠。一般过去时1基本结构肯定形式：主语+be动词的过去式行为动词的过去式，如：She often came to help us in those days. 那些日子她经常过来帮助
