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1、非谓语动词（一）动词不定式动词不定式、分词(现在分词，过去分词)和动名词统称为非谓语动词。这些动词形式不能在句中单独作谓语用，但仍有自己的逻辑主语，有主、被动形式，也有自己的宾语和状语，一起构成非谓语动词的短语(动词不定式短语，分词短语，动名词短语)。非谓语动词在英语语法中占有特殊且重要的位置。非谓语动词形式多样，应用广泛，且在句中起着很活跃的作用，也是语法项目中的重点和难点，学好非谓语动词，才能正确进行口语和书面的交流。（一）动词不定式：动词不定式由“to+ 动词原形”构成，如：to study, to play，动词不定式虽然不能作谓语动词用，但仍留着动词的特征，它可以带有所需要的宾语或状
2、语而构成动词不定式短语，如：to study hard, to play table tennis。1、动词不定式的形式变化：语态式一般式完成式进行式完成进行式主 动to buildto have builtto be buildingto have been building 被 动to be buildto have been build2、动词不定式的基本用法：动词不定式能起名词、形容词和副词的作用，可在句中作主语、表语、宾语补足语、定语和状语用，如：（1）作主语：To help each other is good.（动词不定式作主语时，一般可用it作形式主语，而将作主语的动词不定式置
3、于句末，如：It is good to help each other.）（2）作表语：My job is to drive them to the power station every day. 动词不定式在系动词be之后作表语，与表示将来时的be + 动词不定式结构有所区别:如：Our plan is to set up another middle school for the peasants children. We are to set up another middle school for the peasants children.（3）作宾语：作及物动词的宾语，如：She
4、 wishes to be a musician.；作某些形容词的宾语：可以有动词不定式为宾语的形容词一般有glad, sorry, afraid, pleased, determined, willing, eager, anxious, ready, sure等，如：I am determined to give up smoking.；动词不定式一般不作介词的宾语，但动词不定式之前如有疑问词时，就可作介词的宾语，如：Can you give us some advice on what to do next? （4）作宾语补足语，如：Tell the children not to pl
5、ay on the street. 如果句中的谓语动词为see, hear, watch, notice, have, make, let等，作宾语补足语的动词不定式须将to省去，如：I saw a little girl run across the street.（5）动词不定式在句中作宾语，如带有宾语补足语时，须先用it作形式宾语，而将该动词不定式后置，如：I dont think it right to do it that way. （6）作定语：动词不定式作定语时，须位于被其修饰的名词或代词之后，如：Is this the best way to help him? 作定语用的动词
6、不定式如果是不及物动词，不定式后面就要带介词，如：He is the man to depend on.（7）作状语：目的状语： Every morning he gets up very early to read English. 为了强调不定式表示目的的作用，可在不定式前加in order to或so as to，但应注意in order to位于句首或句中均可，而so as to不能位于句首，如：She reads China Daily every day in order to (so as to) improve her English. 将表示目的的不定式置于句首，也可强调目的
7、的作用，如：To master a foreign language, one must work hard at it. 结果状语：He arrived at the airport in a hurry only to find that the flight had taken off. too + 形容词或副词 + 动词不定式，表示“足能”的结果，如：You are old enough to take care of yourself now.3、复合结构不定式：由for + 名词（或代词宾格）+ 动词不定式即构成复合结构的动词不定式。其中for本身无意义。for后面的名词或代词是不
8、定式的逻辑主语，这种不定式在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语或状语，如：It is very important for us to get everything ready for the harvest. 当作表语用的形容词表示不定式的逻辑主语的性质或特征时，就用介词of而不用for引出不定式的逻辑主语，这些形容词一般有good, nice, kind, wise, silly, stupid, foolish, right, wrong, careless, impolite等，如：It is very kind of you to help him every day.4、疑问词 + 动
9、词不定式：疑问代词和疑问副词后可加动词不定式构成不定式短语，在句中可作主语、表语或宾语，如：How to prevent them from swimming in this river is a problem.5、动词不定式的否定式：动词不定式的否定式是由not + 动词不定式构成，如：Its wrong of you not to attend the meeting.6、动词不定式的时态形式所表示的时间关系：（1）一般式：动词不定式一般式所表示的动作是和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，但在多数情况下，是在谓语动词所表示的动作之后发生，如：We decided to plant more
10、trees this spring.（其后），They often watch us play table tennis.（同时）；（2）完成式：动词不定式完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，如：I am sorryto have kept you waiting.（3）进行式：动词不定式进行式所表示的动作正在进行中，而且与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，如：She happened to be writing a letter in the room when I came in.7、动词不定式的被动语态用法：如果动词不定式的逻辑主语为这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般
11、就用被动语态形式，如：What is to be done next hasnt been decided yet.1. - Can you ride a horse?- No, I never had the chance _. A. for learning it B. for learning how C. how to learn it D. to learn how2. Paul said, Give me a chair _. A. to sit B. sit C. sit on D. to sit on3. - Have you enjoyed your visit here?-
12、 Yes, Ill be very sorry_ . A. for leaving B.of leaving C. to leave D. with leaving4. - Ill help you whenever you need me. - Good. Id like _me tomorrow. A. you helping B. that you will help C. you to help D. that you help5. - I didnt hear you come in last night.- Thats good. We tried_ noisy. A. not b
13、e B. not to be C. to be not D. to not be6. - My baby has a heart trouble.- Did the doctor find it difficult _ ? A. in treating B. treating C. for treating D. to treat7. That beggar seems _ anything yesterday.A. not to have eaten B. not to eat C. didnt eat D. to not have eaten8. The lost child desire
14、d nothing but _ home. A. go B. to go C. going . D. went9.That box is_. A. too heavy for me to carry B. too heavy for me to carry it C. so heavy for me to carry D. very heavy for me to carry10. To learn to speak English well,_. A. much practice is needed B. one needs much practice C. much practice is needed by one D. one is needed much practice11. Tom kept quiet about the accident _ lose his job. A. so not as to B. so as not to C. so as to not D. not so as to12. Last summer I took a course on _ . A. how to mak
