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1、第一课1.科学家认为地球由几层组成Scientists believe that the Earth is made of several layers.2.地球的固态部分称为岩石圈。The solid part of the Earth is called the lithosphere.3.地质学家发现大部分海洋下地壳厚410英里。Geologists found that the thickness of most of the Crust under the marine is 4 to 10 miles .4.水和空气在地球历史上是作用于地球表面的最重要的因素。Water and a
2、ir are the most important factor acting on the the Earths surface in Earths history.5.大气圈是由环绕地球固体和液体部分的气体组成。Atmosphere is composed of the gas around the Earths solid and the liquid part.第二课1.大约地壳重量的75%是由氧和硅这两种元素组成的。Approximately 75% of the weight of the crust is composed of the two elements - oxygen
3、 and silicon.2.硅酸盐晶体中最基本的单位称之为硅氧四面体。 The basic unit of silicate crystals is called the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron.3.矿物的硬度主要取决于矿物空间格子中原子和离子之间化学键的强度。The hardness of minerals mainly depends on the strength of chemical bonds between ions and atoms in mineral space lattice.4.矿物沿着一定的方向破裂成光滑面的性质称为解理。The na
4、ture of Minerals breaking into the smooth surface along a certain direction is called cleavage.5.虽然已经发现了2000多种矿物并且进行了科学的描述，但是它们当中的大多数在地壳中占的比例很少而且很难遇到。Although more than 2000 minerals have been found and conducted a scientific description, but the proportion of most of them in the crust is small and
5、most of them are difficult to encounter.第三课denudational agencies-剥蚀作用glacial ice-冰川sediment-laden streams-泥沙流clastic limestone-碎屑灰岩parent rock-母岩杂基-the rocks matrix胶结物-cement沉积物的搬运- the removal and transport of Sediment 松散的沉积物- Loose sediment褐铁矿- Limonite1.总的来说，变质岩的特征取决于变质因素的种类和强度以及母岩本身的性质。In genera
6、l, the characteristics of metamorphic rocks depend on the type and intensity of deterioration factors and the nature of the parent rock itself.2.沉积岩大约占地壳的8%，然而它们却覆盖着全部陆地的75%。Sedimentary rocks account for about 8% of the earths crust, but they are covered with 75% of all land.3.喷发过程是宁静的还是爆发的，其主要决定因素是
7、岩浆的温度 粘度以及岩浆中包含气体的数量.Eruption is quiet or the outbreak, the main determining factor is the temperature of magma，the viscosity of magma and the amount of gas contained in the magma.4.大多数变质岩可以根据其结构与岩浆岩，沉积岩区分开来。Most metamorphic rocks is distinguished with sedimentary rocks and igneous rocks according t
8、o their texture.5.在沉积岩中可以找到化石。Fossils can be found in sedimentary rocks.第四课1.化石是古代生命存在的证据。Fossil is the evidence of the existence of ancient life.2.化石能提供某一地区古地理和古气候变化的线索。Fossils can provide clues to the change of ancient geography and ancient climate in a region.3.标准化石能帮助地质工作者测定岩层的相对年代。Standard foss
9、ils can help geologists measure the relative age of rocks.4.古生物学时地质学中有关古代生命研究的一个分支学科，它是以研究化石为基础的。Paleontology is a branch of geology studying the ancient life, which is based on fossil study.5.由于人们发现化石能当作时间的指示标志，所以它成了对比不同地层的相近年代的岩层的最佳手段。Because people found fossils can be regarded as time indicators
10、, so it became the best means of comparing the different strata with a similar age rocks.6.化石也是重要的环境指示标志。Fossil is also an importantly l environmental indicator .第五课1.每一个地质年代中发现的化石有较大的差异。Fossils found in each geological age have a greater difference.2.古生代时期发生了许多变化，例如，大陆移Distribution动，气候变化，许多生物种类大量出现
11、。Paleozoic era has undergone many changes, for example, the mainland moving, climate change, the appearance of large numbers of many species.3.世界一些地区的二叠纪的岩层中显示有大面积冰川分布的证据。Parts of the worlds Permian rocks showed evidence of the distribution of large glaciers.4.一些科学技家认为气候变化导致恐龙灭绝。Some scientists beli
12、eve that climate change led to extinction of the dinosaurs.5.到新生代时期，许多类似于现代的哺乳动物出现了。Many similar to modern mammals emerge in Cenozoic times.6.前寒武纪延续了大约40亿年。Precambrian lasted about 40 billion years.7.晚古生代地层中含有大量煤层。Late Paleozoic strata contain a large number of coal seams第六课For descriptive purposes-
13、以描述性为目的With respect to that fault-关于那种断层To be parallel with the strike of the fault-平行于走向正断层A classification of fault displacements-断层位移的分类To offset for many miles-数十英里的水平断层走向滑动断层- Strike-slip fault正断层- Normal fault逆断层- Thrust fault地质构造- Geological structure上盘-hanging wall 下盘-footwall1.这个断层把这座山分成两部分
14、。The fault is divided the mountain into two parts.2.人们认为地震与断层有关。People think the earthquake is related with fault.3.断层面可能是在由垂直到水平的任何位置。The fault plane may be in any position from vertical to horizontal.4.逆断层中，上盘相对下盘向上运动。In the thrust fault,the hanging wall moves up to footwall relatively.5.走向滑动断层可以分
15、为右侧滑动和左侧滑动.Strike-slip faults can be divided into right and left sliding.第七课Authigenic partings-自生分裂Plant communities-植物种群Brackish and salt marshes-半盐水和盐水沼泽Root-free underclay-无根的底黏土层Riverine discharge-河流量成煤环境-coal-forming environment森林沼泽-forests marsh/swamps草本植物-herbaceous plants废弃河道-abandoned river channels海水侵入-tidal incursion1.世界煤炭资源的40%产于上石炭纪和二叠纪。40% of worlds coal resources produced in the Carboniferous and Permian.2.如果没有古代丰富的植物，煤是不可能形成的。If there is no ancient abundant plants, coal
