定语从句的概念及其关系代词的用法 在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词,定语从句一般放在先行词的后面二、定语从句的关系词 引导定语从句的关系词相关系代词和关系副词,常见的关系代词包括that, which, who(宾格whom,所有格whose)等,关系副词包括where, when, why等关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用,同时又作定语从句的重要成分三、定语从句的分类根据定语从句与先行词的关系,定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句紧跟先行词,主句与从句不用逗号分开,从句不可省去,非限制性定语从句主句与从句之间有逗号分开,起补充说明作用,如省去,意思仍完整四、关系代词的用法 1. that 既能够用于指人,也能够用于指物在从句中作主语或宾语,作主语时不可省略,作宾语可省略例如: Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle.玛丽喜欢轻柔的音乐that作主语) The coat (that) I put on the desk is blue.我放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色的。
that作宾语) 2.which用于指物,在句中作主语或宾语,作主语不可省略,作宾语可省略例如: The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket.位于火车站附近的那座大楼是一家超市作主语) The film (which) we saw last night was wonderful. 我们昨天晚上看的那部电影很好看作宾语) 3.who, whom用于指人,who 用作主语,whom用作宾语在口语中,有时可用who代替whom,也可省略例如: The girl who often helps me with my English is from England.经常在英语方面协助我的那个女孩是英国人作主语) Who is the teacher (whom) Li Ming is talking to?正在与李明谈话的老师是谁?(作宾语) 注意:(1)当定语从句中含有介词,介词放在句末时,who, that, which可省略,但介词在关系代词前时,只能用“介词+which/whom”结构。
例如: This is the house in which we lived last year.这是我们去年居住的房子 Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English novel.请告诉我你从谁那借的这本英文小说 (2)含有介词的固定动词词组中,介词不可前置,只能放在原来的位置上例如: This is the person whom you are looking for. 这就是你要找的那个人 (3)that 作介词的宾语时,介词不能放它的前面,只能放在从句中动词的后面例如: The city that she lives in is very far away.她居住的城市非常远 (4)关系词只能用that的情况: a. 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰,或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时,只能用that,而不用which.例如: He was the first person that passed the exam. 他是第一个通过考试的人 b.被修饰的先行词为all, any, much, many, everything, anything, none, the one等不定代词时,只能用that,而不用which.例如:Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop?你在商店里有什么东西要买吗? c.先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last, little, few 等词修饰时,只能用that,而不用which.例如: This is the same bike that I lost.这就是我丢的那辆自行车。
d. 先行词里同时含有人或物时,只能用that, 而不用which.例如: I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.我能清楚记得我在那个房间所见到的人和一些照片 e.以who或which引导的特殊疑问句,为避免重复,只能用that.例如: Who is the girl that is crying? 正在哭泣的那个女孩是谁? f.主句是there be 结构,修饰主语的定语从句用that,而不用which.例如: There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom. 桌子上那本书是汤姆的。