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1、GCT系统班补充讲义（语法部分）胡英歌 编讲第一讲：定语从句一、概述1.在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词，用作定语的从句叫做定语从句(attributive clause)。被定语从句所修饰的词叫做先行词(antecedent)。定语从句必须放在先行词之后。引导词如下： 1 3 52. 关系代词和关系副词的功用能关系代词和关系副词用来引导定语从句，在先行词和定语从句之间起纽带作用，使二者联系起来。关系代词和关系副词可作定语从句的一个成分。关系代词可作主语、宾语、定语；关系副词可作状语。3. 限定和非限定的区别：二：as主要用法1. as 引导非限制性定语从句as作关系代词，还可用来引导非限制性定
2、语从句，可以用来代替一个句子或单词，as引导的句子可放在句首、句末或句中。The moon, as is known to everybody, travels round the earth once every month.As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.The moon travels round the earth once every month, as is known to everybody.众所周知，月球一月绕地球一周。2.1） as引导限制性定语从句通常构
3、成such.as或the same.as固定搭配，as在从句中可作主语、表语或宾语。I should like to use the same tool as you used yesterday.我想用你昨天使用的那种工具。(作宾语)（2）suchthat与suchas“suchthat”表示“如此以致”的意思，用来引导一个结果状语从句；而“suchas”表“像这样的”的意思，用来引导定语从句，as在从句中充当主、宾或表语等。He is such an honest man that we respect him.他是一个如此诚实的人以至于我们都尊敬他。He is such an hones
4、t man as we respect.他像我们所尊敬的这种诚实的人。三：关系副词when, where, why用法。关系副词在从句中可作状语。1、when指时间，修饰表时间的先行词，在定语从何中作时间状语。July and August are the months when the weather is hot. 七八月是天气很热的月份2、where指地点，修饰表地点的先行词，在定语从句中作地点状语。After living in Paris for fifty years he returned to the small town where he grew up as a child
5、.在巴黎住了五十年后，他回到他童年时生活的小城镇。注意：先行词为表示时间、地点的名词时，关系词不一定都用when或where。如果关系词在定语从句中作主语或宾语，就要用关系代词whch或that。This is the factory that/which we visited last year.这是我们去年参观的那家工厂。I wont forget the time that we spent in the countryside.我永远不会忘记我在农村度过的那段时光。3、why指原因，修饰名词reason，在定语从句中作原因状语。Do you know the reason why he
6、 left early?你知道他为什么早走吗？Can you offer the reason why you are late again? 你能说一下你再次迟到的原因么？四关系代词的用法。关系代词在从句中可作主语、宾语、定语1、who，whom的用法who和whom指人，who在定语从句中作主语；whom在定语从句中作宾语，在限制性定语从句中可省略。在口语中可用who代替whom。In the beginning, people who bought the tomato often got angry. 起初，买到西红柿的人常常会生气。(作主语)The person (whom) you
7、 should write to is Mr. Ball. 你应该给他写信的人是波尔先生。(whom作宾语能省略)His mother, whom he loved dearly, died in 1818. 他很爱你的母亲，她于1818年去世了。（whom引导非限制性定语从句，作宾语但不能省略）2、whose的用法whose 指人或物，在定语从句中作定语，指物时常可用of which取代。I have a friend whose father is a mayor. 我有个朋友，他父亲是市长。We lived in a house whose window faces south. 我们住
8、在窗口朝南的房子里。3、which 的用法which指物，在定语从句中作主语和宾语，作宾语时，在限制性定语从句中可省略。Today, fruit trees which once grew only in China can now be found in many parts of the world. 今天，那些曾经只在中国生长的果树能够在世界上许多地方看到了。（作主语，不能省略）It is used to record the tickets (which) passengers buy.它用来记录乘客所购买的车票。(作宾语，可以省略)He came late, which we all
9、 know. 我们都知道，他来晚了。（作宾语，在非限制性定语从句中不省略）4、that 的用法that 多指物，有时也指人，在定语从句中作主语或宾语（可省略），指物时其用法和which大致相同，但也有区别。All the people that come from the country work much harder.所有来自农村的人工作都更努力。This is the best play that was written by Jack. 这是杰克写的最好的一个剧本。5、关系代词that和which的区别（1)相同点：都可以指物；在从句中都可作主语或宾语；作宾语时都可省略。The tra
10、in that /which has just left is for Shanghai.刚开的那列火车是去上海的。(作主语,不可省略)The film (that/which) we saw last night is wonderful.我们昨天晚上看的电影好极了。(作宾语，可省略)（2）用that，不用which的情况当先行词是不定代词或被它们修饰时。all, everything, nothing, something, anything, little等不定代词时To get the job started, all that I need is your permission.要开
11、始工作，我所需要的是你的许可。Is there anything that I can do for you?有什么要我做的事吗?He answered few questions that the teacher asked.他几乎没有回答老师的那些问题。当先行词被形容词最高级或序数词修饰时。This was one of the most interesting books that were sold in this book store.这是这家书店售出的最有趣的书之一。The first thing that should be done is to get some food.该做
12、的第一件事是弄点吃的。当先行词有the very，the only，the same等修饰时。Thats the only thing that we can do now.目前我们只能这样了。Those are the very words that he used.那就是他的原话。当先行词是一个既指人又指物的并列词组时。They were talking about the persons and things that they saw in the factory.他们在谈论在工厂里看到的人和事。（3）用which，不用that的情况引导非限制性定语从句。Football, which
13、 is an interesting game, is played all over the world.全世界都踢足球，它是一项有趣的运动。Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, which ,of course, made the others unhappy. 桃乐茜总是吹嘘她在戏剧中的角色，这当然使别人不高兴。直接放在介词后作宾语时。Language is the most important tool without which people cant communicate with each oth
14、er.语言是最重要的工具，没有它，人们便无法交流。巧记that和which的区别：that，which可互换，下列请况勿照办；that情况比较多，不妨对你说一说；不定代词这路货，全用that准没错；先行词前被限制，千万不要用which；要用which别着急，介词提前逗隔离。巧记定语从句的用法主句型，从句型，两种句子要完整。从句紧靠先行词，系词引导要弄清。定人用who或whom，定物which当先用。关系代词有that，定人定物有本领。定时间要用when，定地点where行，定原因必用why。关系代(副)词作成分，唯作宾语可以省。第二讲：名词性从句。一：概述引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类： 连
15、接词：that, whether, if。that无词义，在句中不担句子成分，有时可以省略。连接代词：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which. 有词义，在句中充当成分。连接副词：when, where, how, why 有词义，在句中作状语。二主语从句。从句在句中充当主语。1. 主语从句中的that不充当句子的成分，只是单纯的连接词，通常不省略。分句置于句首时，that绝对不可以省略。句子结构：That/wh-clause + v +主语从句That the drunk driver could not control his car was obvious.It was obvious that the driver could not control his car.2. It 作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。例如：It is a pity that you didnt go to see the film.It doesnt interest me whether you succeed or not.三. 表语从句：表语从句出
