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1、SimultaneousListeningandSpeaking1.INTRODUCTIONConcurrentlisteningtosourcelanguage(SL)andspeakingoftargetlanguage(TL)byinterpretersengaginginsimultaneousinterpretation(SI)constituteoneofthemostcomplexcognitiveprocessesahumanbeingcanexhibit.AswaspointedoutbyMoser(1997),thisisanimportantchallengeforres
2、earchersinthisfield,sinceanin-depthstudyofthisuniquephenomenonwillrevealsomeofthesecretsofSI.Theparticularimportanceofthisisthatthesephenomenaareobservabletooutsideresearchersandcanbeeasilyquantifiedforstudypurposes.Ofcourse,thefactthatlisteningandspeakingprocessesareobservabledoesnotnecessarilymean
3、thatthesetwoprocessesaretheonlyonestakingplacesimultaneouslyinSI.Nooneknowsexactlywhatisgoingonintheinterpreter#39;scognitiveprocessduringSI,anditwouldbeerroneoustoassumethatnoinformationprocessingisoccurringevenduringtheveryshortmomentswhenbothinterpreterandspeakerremainsilent.Rather,itwouldbereaso
4、nabletoimaginethatsomeprocessesthatcannotbeexternallyobservedareunderway.TheseunobservablecognitiveprocessesmightincludeconversionfromSLtoTL,storing,note-taking(Gile1997),receivingsignalsthroughvisualchannels(Bhler1985)andreadingaterminologylistortheinterpreter#39;sownnotes,amongotherthings.Onecould
5、arguethatmulti-processingisnotararephenomenonandthatitalsohappensindailylife.Duringeverydaysmalltalk,ofcourse,peopleanticipatewhatotherswillsaynextandformtheirownanswerinadvance.Peoplecanalsoreadnewspaperswhiletalkingonthephone.Butspeakingandlisteningatthesametimeisveryrareindailylife(Gerver1976).No
6、rcanthedepthoftheconcurrentcognitiveprocessinginvolvedinSIbecomparedtothatindailylife,sincetimeconstraintsandthemagnitudeofthetaskaretotallydifferent.Besides,concurrentjobsfoundineverydaylifealsoexhibittheirownlimits.Forexample,thehightrafficaccidentrateofdriversusingcellularphoneswhiledrivingclearl
7、ydemonstratesthatcognitivelimitexistsinone#39;sprocessingcapacity.SinceKoreanisnotaninternationallanguage,KoreannativesinterpretbothL2(English)intoL1(Korean),andL1intoL2.Intheformercase,understandingEnglishiskeyforqualitySIsincecomprehensionofsourcelanguageisthemostimportantstageinSIfromL2intoL1(Wel
8、ler1991).Koreaninterpreters#39;capacityforlisteningmustbelimitedduetoreducedmemorycapacityforL2comparedtoL1,weakervocabularyandrulesstoredinlongtermmemory.Inmostcases,theperformanceofEnglishandKoreanSIisjudgedbythequalityoftheKoreanoutputsinceEnglishintoKoreanSItakesupthemosttime.Therefore,choosinge
9、legantKoreanequivalentsratherthanjustconveyingthemeaningintheTLisveryimportant.Thus,thefollowingargumentforinterpretingfromL2intoL1quotedinWeller(1991)doesnotalwaysapplytoEnglishintoKoreanSI.Thebasicargumentinfavorofworkingonlyintoone#39;snativelanguageisthattheinterpreterspendslittletimeontheproduc
10、tionphaseofinterpretationsinceheismorefluentinthenativetongueandinstinctivelyselectsthecorrectwordchoice,grammaticalconstructionandpronunciation.(Weller1991:391)Theproblemhereisthatconcretewordsaretranslatedmorequickly(andmoreaccurately)thanabstractwords,andhigh-frequencywordsaretranslatedmorequickl
11、y(andmoreaccurately)(deGroot1997).Exceptforthetimefactor,retrievalofelegantKoreanequivalentsfromlong-termmemoryconsumessomepartofthecognitivecapacityoftheinterpreter.Anotherdifficultyarisesfromsyntacticdifference,asisthecasewithEnglishintoJapaneseSI(Gile1991).WhatGileassertedcanbeappliedtoEnglishint
12、oKoreanSIsinceKoreaninterpretershavetoholdtheEnglishverbforsometimesoastoputitintotheKoreansyntax,spendingaconsiderableamountofmemorycapacity.Thisstudyexaminesthefollowingquestions:WillthequalityoftheconcurrentlisteningandspeakingportionbytheinterpreterinSIbepoorerthanthatofthelisteningonlyportion?D
13、oestheproportionofconcurrentlisteningandspeakingbytheinterpreteraffectthetotalqualityoftheinterpretationinanyway?DothefeaturesofSLaffectthedurationofconcurrentlisteningandspeakingbytheinterpreter?DointerpretersutilizethepauseinSLleftbythespeakerfortheirSIinordertodecreasetheproportionofconcurrentlisteningandspeaking?Concerningconcurrentlisteningandspeakingtime,Chernov(1979)reportsanaverageof70.5%oftotalspeakingtimeintheSLfortheEnglish-Russiancombination,withamaximumof89%.Gerver(1974b)foundthatsomeinterpreterscouldlistenandspeaksimultaneouslyforover75%ofthetotalinput-outputtime,andweres
