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1、英语独立主格结构说明一、独立主格结构的特点独立主格结构是一个名词或代词(作为逻辑主语),加上一个形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等在句中作状语。它有以下三个特点:(1) 独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在。(2) 名词或代词与后面的形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等存在逻辑上的主谓关系。(3) 独立主格结构一般用逗号与主句分开,但与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。二、独立主格结构的用法它表示谓语动词发生的时间、原因、条件或伴随情况等,相当于一个状语从句或并列句。(1) 作时间状语The work done(=After the work had been done) , w
2、e went home. 工作完成后,我们才回家。(2) 作条件状语Weather permitting(If weather permits) , they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天气允许的话,他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。(3) 作原因状语An important lecture to be given tomorrow(=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow) , the professor has to stay up late into the night.
3、因为明天要发表一个重要的演讲,教授不得不熬夜到很晚。(4) 作伴随状语He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head(=and his hands were crossed under his head) . 他躺在草地上,两手交叉枕在脑后。(5) 表补充说明A hunter came in, his face red with cold(=and his face was red with cold) . 一个猎人走了进来,他的脸冻得通红。注:独立主格结构表示时间、条件或原因时,相当于一个状语从句,一般放在句首,表示原因
4、时还可放在句末;表伴随状况或补充说明时,相当于一个并列句,通常放于句末。三、使用独立主格结构的注意事项(1) 当状语从句的主语与主句的主语不是指同一个对象时,可用独立主格结构取代状语从句,但不再保留连词。如:After class was over (=Class being over/Class over) , the students soon left the classroom. 下课后,学生很快离开了课室。(2) 在下列两种情况下,独立主格结构中的being(或having been)不能省略:a. 独立主格的逻辑主语是代词时。如:It being Sunday, we went t
5、o church. 因为是星期天,我们去了做礼拜。b. 在There being名词的结构中。如:There being no bus, we had to go home on foot. 因为没有公共汽车,所以我们不得不步行回家。(3) 在“名词(或代词)介词短语”构成的独立主格结构中,一般不用形容词性物主代词和冠词。如:Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in hand. 史密斯先生走进了课室,手里拿着一本书。(比较with的复合结构:Miss Smith entered the classroom, with a book in his han
6、d. )(4) 独立主格结构没有所有格形式。如:The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting. 主编来了,我们开始开会。(比较动名词复合结构:The chief-editors arriving made us very surprised. )(5) 独立主格结构作时间或原因状语时,可用完成时,表示该动作发生在谓语之前。如:The listeners having taken their seats, the concert began. 听众坐好后,音乐会开始了。Tom having been late over and over, his boss was very disappointed. 由于汤姆一再迟到,他的老板非常失望。