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1、2022年考博英语-西南林业大学考试题库及全真模拟冲刺卷（含答案带详解）1. 单选题There were two widely divergent influences on the early development of statistical methods. Statistics had a mother who was dedicated to keeping orderly records of governmental units (state and statistics come from the same Latin root, status) and a gentlema
2、nly gambling father who relied on mathematics to increase his skill at playing the odds in games of chance. The influence of the mother on the offspring, statistics, is represented by counting, measuring, describing, tabulating, ordering, and the taking of censusall of which led to modern descriptiv
3、e statistics. From the influence of the father came modern inferential statistics, which is based squarely on theories of probability.Descriptive statistics involves tabulating, depicting, and describing collections of datA.These data may be quantitative, such as measures of height, intelligence, or
4、 grade levelvariables that are characterized by an underlying continuumor the data may represent qualitative variables, such as sex, college major, or personality type. Large mass of data must generally undergo a process of summarization or reduction before they are comprehensible. Descriptive stati
5、stics is a tool for describing or summarizing or reducing to comprehensible form the properties of otherwise unwieldy mass or data.Inferential statistics is a formalized body of methods for solving another class of problems that present great difficulties for the unaided human minD.This general clas
6、s of problems characteristically involves attempts to make predictions using a sample of observations. For example, a school superintendent wishes to determine the proportion of children in a large school system who come to school without breakfast, have been vaccinated for flu, or whatever. Having
7、a little knowledge of statistics, the superintendent would know that it is unnecessary and inefficient to question each child; the proportion for the entire district could be estimated fairly accurately from a sample of as few as 100 children. Thus, the purpose of inferential statistics is to predic
8、t or estimate characteristics of a population from a knowledge of the characteristics of only a sample of the population.1. With what is the passage mainly concerned?2. The word “divergent “in line 1 in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to_.3. Why does the author mention the “mother” and “father” in
9、 the first paragraph?4. Which of the following is NOT given an example of qualitative variable?5. According to the passage, what is the purpose of examining a sample of a population?问题1选项A.The drawbacks of descriptive and inferential statisticsB.Application of inferential statisticsC.The development
10、 and use of statisticsD.How to use the descriptive statistics问题2选项A.differentB.distributedC.recordedD.prominent问题3选项A.To point out that parents can teach their children statisticsB.To introduce inferential statisticsC.To explain that there are different kinds of variablesD.To present the background
11、of statistics in a humorous and understandable way问题4选项A.GenderB.HeightC.College majorD.Type of personalities问题5选项A.To compare different groupsB.To predict characteristics of the entire populationC.To detect differences not observable in the whole populationD.To compile more accurate data【答案】第1题:C第2
12、题:A第3题:D第4题:B第5题:B【解析】1.主旨大意题。由题干可以定位到原文第一段第一句 “There were two widely divergent influences on the early development of statistical methods.”中文翻译为：统计方法的早期发展受到两种截然不同的影响。A选项“描述统计和推理统计的缺点”不符合题意。B选项“推理统计学的应用”，推理统计学只是统计学的一类，不符合题意。选项D “使用描述性统计学”跟选项B类似，描述性统计学也只是统计学的一类。因此C选项“统计学的发展和使用”正确。2.形容词词义辨析题。由题干关键字“di
13、vergent”可以定位到原文第一段， 第一句“There were two widely divergent influences on the early development of statistical methods.”中文翻译为：统计方法的早期发展受到两种截然不同的影响。可知A选项“different”（不同的）正确。B选项“distributed”（分布式的）排除。C选项 “recorded”（记录的）排除。D选项“prominent”（著名的）排除。3.作者意图题。由题干关键字“mother，father”可以定位到原文第一段“Statistics had a mother
14、who was dedicated to keeping orderly records of governmental units (state and statistics come from the same Latin root, status) and a gentlemanly gambling father who relied on mathematics to increase his skill at playing the odds in games of chance.”，中文翻译为：统计学有一个“母亲”，她致力于井井有条地记录政府机构的文件（国家和统计学这两个词源于同
15、一个拉丁语词根，status），还有一个有绅士般的赌博“父亲”，他依靠数学来提高技巧，以便在几率的游戏中获胜。由中文大意得知，选项D “To present the background of statistics in a humorous and understandable way. ”以幽默易懂的方式介绍统计学的背景符合题意。4.推理判断题。由题干关键字“qualitative variables”可以定位到原文第二段中 “the data may represent qualitative variables, such as sex, college major, or perso
16、nality type.” 中文翻译为： 数据可能代表定性变量，如性别、大学专业或性格类型。 可以得知B选项“height”没有提及，所以B选项正确。选项A “Gender”（性别），选项C “College major”（大学专业），选项D “Type of personalities”（性格类型）。5.细节事实题。由题干可以定位到原文最后一段最后一句“the purpose of inferential statistics is to predict or estimate characteristics of a population from a knowledge of the characteristics of only a sam
