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1、初中英语语法梳理和提高 代 词知识梳理:提纲挈领,抓住重点和难点!一、代词的分类英语中常把代词分为人称代词、无主代词、反身代词、指示代词、疑问代词、连接代词、不定代词和相互代词。二、代词的用法1人称代词:人称代词是指人的代词,有性、数、格的区别。表示我 你 他 我们 你们 他们。请看下表: 数 格 人 称 单 数复 数主 格宾 格主 格宾 格 第一人称wemeweus 第二人称youyouyouyou 第三人称hehimtheythem she her it it (1)人称代词主格在句中作主语。例如:She is my English teacher.(2)宾格在句中作宾语。例如:They
2、dont want me to go there alone. Dont worry. I can look after her.(3)宾格还可以作宾格。特别是在口语中。例如:- Whos that? - Its me.注意:人称代词we, you, they 可以用来表示一般人。例如: You cannot go into the hall with slippers. 不准穿拖鞋进入大厅。 人称代的主格作表语,一般都在正中的谈话中, 表示强调。例如: It was he who took away the necklace. 是他拿走了那条项链。 人称代词she可以用指代祖国、大地、月亮、
3、轮船等。 例如: The ship is leaving. Shes on her first trip to Boston. 轮船要起航了。 这时她第一次去波士顿。 We love our country, we hope shell be stronger and stronger. 我们热爱我们的祖国,我们希望她越来越强大。 It作为人称代词时,可以表示天气、距离、时间、环境等。 例如: It is about 10 kilometres from here. 离这儿大约有10公里。 It 还可用作形式主语或形式宾语,来代替由不定式,动词的-ing,形式或主语从句构成的真正的主语或宾语,
4、 以避免句子头重脚轻。例如: It is not easy to learn English well. It is good for you taking a walk after supper. I found it difficult to sleep. 英语里当主语是并列的几个人时,人称代词的排列顺序和汉语不同, I 在最后, you 在最前;但是, 当受到批评或时承认错误时正好相反,I 在最前, you在最后。 例如: You, he and I are all the winners. I, Li lei and you are wrong. We should do more f
5、or the project.2物主代词:表示所有关系的代词叫物主代词。物主代词包括名词性物主代词和形容词性物主代词。 词 义 类 型我的你的他的她的它的我们的你们的他/她/它们的形容词性物主代词myyourhisheritsouryourtheir名 词性物主代词mineyourshishersitsoursyourstheirs(1)形容词性物主代词在句中具有形容词的特征。在句中作定语, 后面跟名词。例如:To our surprise, he has passed the exam. (2) 名词性的物主代词具有名词的特征, 在句中作主语、表语、宾语。例如: May I use your
6、 bike? Mine is at school. (作主语) Whose glasses are these? They are hers. ( 作表语) My dictionary is lost. Can I use yours? (作宾语) (3) 名词性物主代词可以与of 连用, 作定语。 例如:A friend of ours are waiting for us.3反身带词:用来表示某人自己的代词称为反身代词。如下表所示: 词 义 数我(们)自己你(们)自己他/ 她/ 它 自 己 / 他 们 自 己单 数myselfyourselfhimselfherselfitself复 数o
7、urselvesyourselvesthemselves(1)反身代词在句中常用宾语,主语或宾语的同位语。例如: Her sister is too young to dress herself. (作宾语) He himself is always making such mistakes. (主语同位语) Youd better ask your wife herself. (宾语同位语)(2)反身代词可与其他词构成固定搭配,例如:make oneself at home, teach oneself, learn by oneself, help oneself to,etc4指示代词:
8、表示时间和空间远近关系的代词叫指示代词。见下表这,这个那,那个这些那些thisthatthesethosethisthatthesethose 指示代词可在句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语等。例如: Those are my parents. ( 作主语) Throw it like that. (作表语) The toys little Tom likes are those in the basket. ( 作表语) These pictures are drawn by an old blind man. ( 作定语)注意:(1)前面刚刚提到过的东西, 常用that, those 表示。 例
9、如: Im sorry to hear that.( 2 )下文将要提到的事情, 可用these, this 表示, 起启下的作用。 例如:Tell the children to do like this: knock the stick into the earth first, then tie the tree to it.5疑问代词:用来构成特殊疑问句的代词叫疑问代词。常用的有:who, what, which, whose, whom, 在句中常作主语、宾语、定语、表语。作主语: What make you so happy?作宾语: Who / Whom is your mana
10、ger talking with?在口语中, 作宾语时 who和whom可以通用,但在介词后面只能用whom.例如:About whom they are talking just now?作定语: Which subject do you like best?作表语: Whats your mother.6相互代词:用于表示相互关系的代词。 常用的有:each other, one another. 相互代词可以作宾语、定语。例如: We should help each other. The villagers have looked after one another these yea
11、r. 相互代词后可以加s,表示所有关系。 例如: We put the presents in each others stocking.7连接代词: 用来连接宾语从句、表语从句、主语从句的代词叫连接代词。常用的有:what, which, who, whom whose, that例如: I know what he said at the meeting. The problem is who will mend it. Could you tell me which is the way to the post office?8. 不定代词:不定代词没有确定的对象, 常用的有:all,
12、each, every, both, either, neither, one, none, little, few, many, much, other, another, some any, no以及由some, no, any, every 构成的复合词。 不定代词通常可以做主语、宾语、表语、定语, 而none及含有some, an every 的合成代词不能做定语,no和every 只能做定语。代词many, few, a few修饰可数名词,much, little, a little修饰不可数名词。both, either, neither, each用于指两者,all, any,
13、 none, every, another用于指三者或三者以上。例题解析:举一反三,学的更轻松!1.This isnt _ pencil case. I left _ at home.A. my, mine B. me, my C. I, my D. my, myself解析:此类题主要用于考查学生对人称代词、物主代词和反身代词的掌握情况。要做好这类题,就必须熟练掌握这三类词的用法。应选A。2.The English novel is quite easy for you. There are _ new words in it.A. a little B. little C. a few D. few解析:历年来中考始终将little, a little, few, a few作为一个重要考点,要做好这类题,必须明确几点:(1)little, a little修饰或代替不可数名词;few, a few修饰或代替可数名词复数。(2)few, little 一般表示否定意义;a few, a little表示肯定意义。应选D。3.- Can I come this eve