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1、高考英语分词常见的几种特殊用法 一 “悬垂分词”问题前节说过，分词(短语)有意义上的逻辑主语，它或是句子的主语，或者另有自己的主语，不然称这种分词为“悬垂分词”，这样的句子一般认为是不能接受或错误的。【例如】Looking out of the window of our hotel room, there are lots of mountains.(这句话听起来好象是那些山从窗户往外看。)Admired by everybody, dozens of letters reached the veteran soldier.(这句话听起来好象是信件被赞扬。)Sitting under an
2、apple tree one night, an idea came to Newton.(这句话听上去好象是某种思想坐在树下。)关于“悬垂分词”这条语法规则也有例外情况。下面几种情况中的分词(短语)，不再认为它们是“悬垂分词”，即句子是正确的。1)有些分词(短语)可用来表示说话人的态度，看问题的角度，或者对所叙述的情况进行解释，它们便成了句子的独立成分，其逻辑主语也就不再是句子的主语。【例如】Strictly speaking, nobody is allowed in here.严格地讲，谁也不允许在这儿。(speaking的逻辑主语并不是nobody)Judging from his a
3、ccent, he must be from the South.从他的口音判断，他一定是南方人。(这句中不是he在“判断”)Taken as a whole, there is nothing with the book.总的来说，这本书没有问题。Taking all thingssintosconsideration, his work is a successful one.全面考虑起来，他的工作还是很成功的。经常这样用的分词(分词词组)有：frankly (broadly, generally, properly, strictly) speaking, judging from(by
4、),talking about,speaking of,looking at,takinginto consideration, put frankly, taken等。2)这样使用的有些分词，在句子中逐渐起到连词或介词的作用，便把它们视为连词或介词。【例如】Granting that he had the best intention, his conduct might work great mischief.就算他出于好意，他的行为也会引起极大不快。There were ten people in the room, including me.屋子里有十个人，包括我在内。Provided
5、 that my expenses are paid, I will go.要是我的费用有人代付，我就去。经常这样使用的分词有：admitting (that), assuming (that), barring, concerning, presuming, granting, pending, excepting, failing, saving, supposing (that), touching, given, granted, provided(that)等。3)某些句子中作状语的分词的逻辑主语虽然不是句子的主语，但可能是句中的另外某一成分，对这样的句子也不再认为是“悬垂分词”。【
6、例如】Seeing her health sinking rapidly, alarm clutched the fathers heart. 她父亲看到她健康迅速恶化，很是惊慌。(分词seeing的逻辑主语当然不是alarm，但它包含在宾语heart的定语fathers之中。)His summer holidays were spent in the countryside, helping his father with farm work.他在乡下过暑假，帮助父亲干农活。(分词helping的逻辑主语包含在主语holidays的定语his之中)以上句子之所以能被接受，是因为它们能清楚表达
7、意思，不会引起误解，如第一句中alarm是抽象名词，不会误解为seeing的逻辑主语；第二句中主语holidays是无生命的名词，不可能误解为helping的逻辑主语。4)如果句子谓语是被动语态，分词的逻辑主语可以包含在by后面的动作执行者之中(有时这个执行者并未明确表示出来)。这样的句子也可以被接受，而非“悬垂分词”。【例如】Ideas can be expressed accurately and effectively, using simple sentences.用简单的句子可以准确有力地表达思想。Knowing as much as you do, the situation is
8、 easily explained.像你这样了解情况，很容易解释这一形势。以上两句中的分词using和knowing的逻辑主语当然不是它们句子的主语ideas和situation，而是没有明确表达出来的express和explain两个动作的执行者。二 解析分词的独立结构在分词作状语时，其逻辑主语一般应与句子的主语一致。如果不一致的话，分词前面可以带有自己的逻辑主语(名词或代词)，构成分词的独立结构(或称为带逻辑主语的分词结构)。分词独立结构可表示伴随情况、陪衬动作、附加说明以及表示时间、原因、条件等。【例如】The moon has no light of its own, only sun
9、light shining on it. (附加说明)She rushed out the room, the little baby carried in her arms. (伴随动作)Maggie ran back to the kitchen, eggs held carefully in her hand.(伴随动作)They being blind men, how could they see the elephants? ( =As they were blind men. ) (表示原因)Circumstances changed, it is necessary for y
10、ou to make a new plan.(表示原因) A force acting through a distance, work is done. (表示条件)Both bright side and dark side considered, you will have the confidence to overcome this difficulty. (表示条件)All flightsshavingsbeen cancelled because of the snowstorm, many passengers could do nothing but take the tra
11、in. there be句型和it也能引出分词独立结构，作状语修饰主句，there和it相当于分词的逻辑主语。【例如】There being nothing else to do, we went home. There shavingsbeen no rain, the plants withered. It being impossible for most students to turn in their papers as scheduled, the teacher decided to give them another two days. The sale usually ta
12、kes place outside the house, with the audience _on benches, chairs or boxes. (CET 4 2000,1)A)having seated B) seating C) seated D)having been seated本题考察的是with引导的分词的独立结构，seat一般用被动形式表示主动意思，所以用过去分词，答案为C。seat可以用于如下句中：He came in and was seated in the chair. Please come in and be seated. So many directors
13、_, the board meeting had to be put off. (CET 4 2000,6)A) were absent B) being absent C) been absent D) had been absent本题考察的是分词的独立结构,主语与分词之间是主谓关系，因此选择B。三 现在分词的完成被动式现在分词的完成被动式表示分词的动作发生在谓语的行为之前，且动作由逻辑主语所承受(即与逻辑主语是被动关系)。【例如】Having been given such a good chance, he planned to work hard. Having been exper
14、imented several times, this new product will be putsintosmass production. All the compositionsshavingsbeen written and collected, the teacher dismissed the students.四 现在分词被动式的用法在表示一个被动动作时，如果这个动作正在进行，或是与谓语表示的动作同时发生，我们可以用现在分词的被动形式。【例如】The bridge being built now will be completed in three months.This i
15、s one of the experiments being carried on in our laboratory.Being surrounded by the students, the teacher was answering questions one by one.If I correct someone, I will do it with as much good humor and self-restraint as if I were the one _. (CET-4 1996,6) A) to correct B) correcting C)shavingscorr
16、ected D) being corrected句意为：如果我批评某个人，我会尽量保持幽默，自我控制，像批评自己一样。one为代词，后面的动词为其修饰成分，故用分词，而且one与correct之间是动宾关系，故用分词被动式，答案为D。五 现在分词完成式的用法现在分词的完成式主要用在状语中，表示这个动作在谓语所表示的动作之前完成。【例如】Having succeeded in the last examination, she was more confident of another success in the coming one. Having found the cause, they were a
