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1、(完整版)Araby英文讲义Unit Seven Setting， James Joyces Epiphany Reading： James Joyce, ArabySetting： Place and Objects in Fiction The stage against which the story unfolds we call the setting. In its narrowest sense， setting is the place and time of the narration， but eventually it contains the total environ
2、ment of the work. Setting, therefore, in its broadest sense, contains the physical locale that frames the action， the time of day or year， the climatic conditions, and historical period during which the action takes place. As a basic function, setting helps the reader visualize the action of the wor
3、k and thus adds credibility and an air of authenticity to the characters. It helps， in other words, to create and sustain the illusion of life， to provide what we call verisimilitude（貌似真实）. Natural SettingNature herself is seen as a force that shapes action and therefore directs and redirects lives。
4、 The open road may be a place where one person seeks flight， others face a showdown(一决胜负）, and still others may meet their fate。 Nature， in short, is one of the major forces putting under control the circumstances of characters who go about facing the conflicts on which the plots of stories depend。M
5、anufactured Setting Manufactured things always reflect the people who make them。 A building or a room tells about those who built it and live in it, and ultimately about the social and political orders that maintain the conditions. A richly-decorated house shows the expensive tastes and resources of
6、 the characters owning it。 A few cracks in the plaster and some chips in the paint may show the same persons declining in fortune and power。 Ugly and impoverished surroundings may contribute to the weariness， insensitivity, negligence, or even hostility of the characters living in them。 Setting as a
7、 background for action Everything happens somewhere。 Sometimes this background is extensive and highly developed。 In other cases， including many modern stories, setting is so slight that it can be presented with in a single sentence or must be inferred altogether from dialogue and action. When we sp
8、eak of setting as background， then, we have in mind a kind of setting that exists largely for its own sake， without necessary relationship to action and characters， or at best a relationship that is only insignificant and slight.Setting as antagonistOften, the forces of nature function as a causal a
9、gent or antagonist, helping to establish conflict and to determine the outcome of events. Washington Square may be conceived of as an example of a setting that functions as antagonist, in that there were many other people getting in the way of the reconciliation between the two characters. Setting a
10、s a means of creating appropriate atmosphere Many authors manipulate their settings as a means of arousing the readers expectations and establishing an appropriate state of mind for events to come。 Setting as a means of revealing character Very often the way in which a character perceives the settin
11、g， and the way he or she reacts to it, will tell the reader more about the character and his or her state of mind than it will about the setting itself。 This is particularly true of works in which the author carefully controls the point of view. The “blind Richmond Street and the “”imperturbable” ho
12、uses in the “cold and “quiet lanes perfectly mirrors the narrators growing sense of isolation, loneliness, frustration， and confusion。 An author can also clarify and reveal character by deliberately making setting a metaphoric or symbolic extension of character。 A case in point is found in the chick
13、en raising farm， a setting of disaster, as shown in Sherwood Andersons The Egg。 Setting and character are one: the house objectifies, and in this way serves to clarify， its master.Setting as a means of reinforcing themeSetting can also be used as a means of reinforcing and clarifying the theme of a
14、novel or short story。 In The Egg, Hills Like White Elephants， Early Autumn， all the settings have contributed to the clarification of the themes of the stories。James Joyces Epiphany By an epiphany James Joyce meant a sudden spiritual manifestation. Writers reveal a search for meaning and identity by
15、 their characters, who often achieve awareness by means of epiphany, moments of sudden illumination or revelation。 Reading: James Joyce， Araby James Augustine Aloysius Joyce （2 February 1882 13 January 1941) was an Irish novelist and poet， considered to be one of the most influential writers in the
16、modernist avantgarde of the early 20th century.James Joyce (18821941) The stream of consciousness technique culminates itself in the novels of James Joyce. His psychological perceptions and masterly use of the interior monologue， as demonstrated in his novel Ulysses， win him a fame that very few other writers can achieve. Joyce was born in Dublin, Ireland.
