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1、1.2 EngineThe engine acts as the power unit. The internal combustion engine is most common: this obtains its power by burning a liquid fuel inside the engine cylinder. There are two types of engine :gasoline(also called a spark-ignition engine) and diesel(also called a compression-ignition engine).B
2、oth engines are called heat engines; the burning fuel generates heat which causes the gas inside the cylinder to increase its pressure and supply power to rotate a shaft connected to the power train.发动机作为动力装置。内燃机是最常见的：通过燃烧发动机气缸里的液体燃料而获得能量。内燃机有两种类型：汽油机（又称为点燃式发动机）和柴油机（又称为压燃式发动机）。两种类型均被称为热力发动机。燃烧燃料产生的热
3、量使汽缸里气体的气压增加并提供能量通过传动轴连接到传动系统。1.3 BodyAn automobile body is a sheet metal shell with windows, doors, a hood, and a trunk deck built into it. It provides a protective covering for the engine, passengers, and cargo. The body is designed to keep passengers safe and comfortable. The body styling provide
4、s an attractive, colorful, modern appearance for the vehicle. 汽车车身是由车窗、车门、发动机罩和行李箱盖焊接在金属板外壳内而成。车身为发动机、乘客和货物覆盖提供保护。车身的设计要保证乘客安全舒适。车身的款 式为汽车提供了吸引人的、美丽多彩的、时尚的外观。2.1.1 Engine and power 发动机与动力 Engine is used to produce power. The chemical energy in fuel is converted to heat by the burning of the fuel at
5、a controlled rate. This process is called combustion. If engine combustion occurs with the power chamber. ,the engine is called internal combustion engine. If combustion takes place outside the cylinder, the engine is called an external combustion engine.能源是用于生产动力。燃料的化学能通过燃烧转化为热量，这个过程被称为燃烧。如果发动机燃烧发生
6、在汽缸内的地方，这个发动机被称为内部燃烧发动机。如果燃烧发生在汽缸外的地方，被称为发动机外部燃烧发动机。 Engine used in automobiles are internal combustion heat engines. Heat energy released in the combustion chamber raises the temperature of the combustion gases with the chamber. The increase in gas temperature causes the pressure of the gases to in
7、crease. The pressure developed within the combustion chamber is applied to the head of a piston to produce a usable mechanical force, which is then converted into useful mechanical power.用于汽车的发动机是内燃机，热能在燃烧室释放提高了燃烧室气体温度。燃烧气体温度的升高引起气压变大。燃烧室内压力增大被应用到了活塞产生一个可用的机械力，然后将其转换成有用的机械能。2.1.2 Engine Terms 发动机术语L
8、inking the piston by a connecting rod to a crankshaft causes the gas to rotate the shaft through half a turn. The power stroke “uses up” the gas , so means must be provided to expel the burnt gas and recharge the cylinder with a fresh petrol-air mixture :this control of gas movement is the duty of t
9、he valves ;an inlet valve allows the new mixture to enter at the right time and an exhaust valve lets out the burnt gas after the gas has done its job.通过曲轴连杆连接活塞,造成气体轴旋转半转。动力冲程“使用了”气压，意味着必须提供手段驱逐燃烧气体和回灌用新鲜的汽油和空气混合气体钢瓶：这种气体的运动控制是阀门的责任;一进气阀使新进入的混合物在适当的时间和一排气阀让燃烧后的气体在已完成了它的工作任务后排出，2.1.4 Engine Overall
10、Mechanics发动机结构 The engine has hundreds of other parts . The major parts of engine are engine block , engine heads, pistons, connecting rods, crankshaft and valves. The other parts are joined to make systems. These systems are the fuel system, intake system, ignition system, cooling system, lubricati
11、on system（润滑） and exhaust system. Each of these systems has a definite function. These systems will discussed in detail later. （后续章节）2.2.1 Engine Block 发动机缸体The engine block is the basic frame of the engine. All other engine parts either fit inside it or fasten to it. It holds the cylinders, water j
12、ackets, and oil galleries. The engine block also holds the crankshaft, which fastens to the bottom of the block. The camshaft also fits inside the block, except on overhead-cam engines (OHC). In most cars, this block is made of gray iron, or an alloy (mixture) of gray iron and other metals, such as
13、nickel or chromium. Engine blocks are castings.发动机缸体是发动机的基本框架。所有其他发动机零件要么在其中要么固定它上面。它包含气缸、水套、油道。发动机缸体还装有曲轴，被固定在缸体底部。凸轮轴块通常装在缸体内，除顶置凸轮（OHC）发动机。在大多数汽车，这个部件是由灰铸铁或者一种合金（混合物）灰铁和其它金属如镍或铬。发动机缸体是铸件。Some engine blocks, especially those in smaller cars, are made of cast aluminum. This metal is much lighter th
14、an iron. However, iron wears better than aluminum. Therefore, the cylinders in most aluminum engines are lined with iron or steel sleeves. These sleeves are called cylinder sleeves. Some engine blocks are made entirely of aluminum.有些气缸体，特别是在小汽车里的那些，都是由铝做成的。这种金属比铁轻得多，然而，铁的耐磨性比铝好。因此，在大多数铝制发动机的气缸内镶有铁或钢
15、套管。这些轴套被称为气缸套。有些气缸体完全由铝做成。2.2.3 Gasket 衬垫The cylinder head is attached to the block with high-tensile steel studs. The joint between the block and the head must be gas-tight so that none of the burning mixture can escape. This is achieved by using cylinder head gasket. This is a sandwich gasket, i.e
16、. a sheet of asbestos between two sheets of copper, both these materials being able to withstand the high temperature and pressures within the engine.气缸盖连接到具有高强度气缸体。它们之间的连接必须不透气，使燃烧的混合气体不能泄露。这是通过使用气缸盖垫片实现，这是一个夹层垫片，即在两片铜之间有石棉，这两种材料能承受发动机内高温和压力。2.2.4 Oil Pan or Sump 油底壳The oil pan is usually formed of pressed steel. The oil pan and the lower part of the cylinder block together are called the crankcase; they enclose, or encase, the c
