《(完整word版)新编简明英语语言学教程(重点笔记赶考秘籍).doc》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《(完整word版)新编简明英语语言学教程(重点笔记赶考秘籍).doc（24页珍藏版）》请在金锄头文库上搜索。
1、(完整word版)新编简明英语语言学教程(重点笔记赶考秘籍)1.1 Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. It is a scientific study because it (a) is based on the systematic investigation of linguistic data. It (b) discovers the nature and rules of the underlying language system. It (c) collects langua
2、ge facts that display some similarities, and generalizations are made about them. The study of language as a whole if often called general linguistics. phonetics(语音学): the study of sounds phonology(音位学): how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning morphology(形态学): how morphemes(词素) are ar
3、ranged and combined to form words syntax(句法学): the study of rules that govern the combination of words to form grammatically permissible sentences semantics(语义学): the study of meaning pragmatics(语用学): the study of meaning in the context of language use interdisciplinary branches: sociolinguistics(社会
4、语言学), psycholinguistics(心理语言学), applied linguistics(应用语言学) Important distinctions in linguistics prescriptive(规定性 old linguistics) vs. descriptive(描述性 modern linguistics) synchronic(共时性) vs. diachronic(历时性): most linguistic studies are of synchronic descriptions, which is prior in modern linguistics
5、 speech and writing: speech is prior to writing in modern linguistics langue(语言系统abstract linguistic system) and parole(话语/言语realization of langue in actual use): Swiss linguist F. de Saussure-forefather of modern linguistics competence(语言能力ideal users knowledge of rules of his language) and perform
6、ance(语言运用actual realization of this knowledge): American linguist N. Chomsky traditional grammar and modern linguistics: Saussures book “Course in General Linguistics” marked the beginning of modern linguistics1.2 Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. LAD: Lan
7、guage Acquisition Device -Chomsky Arbitrariness (任意性): Different sounds are used to refer to the same object in different languages. Productivity/creativity (能产性): Construction and interpretation of new signals are possible, so that large number of sentences can be produced. Duality (双层性): Two level
8、s enable people to talk about anything within their knowledge. lower level(sounds)-higher level(words) Displacement(移位性): enable people to talk about a wide range of things, free from barriers caused by separation in time or place. Cultural transmission(文化传承): We are born with the ability to acquire
9、 language, the details of language system have to be taught and learned.2.1 Speech and writing are the two media for communication, of which speech is more basic/primary. The sounds which are produced by humans through their speech organs and meaningful in communication constitute the phonic medium
10、of language. The individual sounds within this range are the speech sounds.2.2 Phonetics is the study of the phonic medium of language, which concerned with all the sounds that occur in the worlds languages. articulatory phonetics, auditory phonetics, acoustic phonetics Speech organs: pharyngeal; ca
11、vity-throat; oral cavity-mouth; nasal cavity-nose IPA: 国际音标 diacritics: 变音符 broad transcription: 宽式标音(used in dictionaries and teaching textbooks)narrow transcription: 严式标音(used by phoneticians in their study) vowels(the air stream meets with no obstruction) and consonants(obstructed) stops(塞音), fri
12、catives(擦音), affricates(塞擦音), liquids(流音), nasals, glides, bilabial(双唇音), laviodental(唇齿音), dental(齿音), alveolar(齿龈音), palatal(腭音), velar(软腭音), glottal(喉音) close vowels, semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels, open vowels(openness) unrounded vowels, rounded vowels(shape of the lips) long/tense vowels-s
13、hort/lax vowels monophthongs(单元音), diphthongs(双元音) (single or combined)2.3 Phonology and phonetics differ in their approach and focus. phonology: how speech sounds form patterns and are used to convey meaning concerned with sound system of a particular language phonetics: of a general nature, intere
14、sted in all the speech sounds A phone(音素) is a phonetic unit or segment.(speech sounds are all phones) a phone does not necessarily distinguish meaning A phoneme(音位) is a phonological unit.(an abstract unit of distinctive value) not particular sound, but is realized by a certain phone in a certain p
15、honetic context The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones(音位变体) of that phoneme. Rules in phonology: Sequential rules(序列规则)-rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language. Assimilation rule(同化规则)-assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar. for ease of articulation(清晰发音) e.g. green, scream Deletion rule(
