2017版高考英语一轮复习语法专题第二部分词法篇_其他词类专题4介词和介词短语素材外研版.doc

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1、专题4 介词和介词短语介词是虚词,不能单独作句子成分,必须与名词、代词(或相当于名词的其他词类、短语或从句等)构成介词短语,在句中充当一个成分。介词分为:简单介词,如at,in,for等;合成介词,如within,inside,onto,throughout等;短语介词,如according to,out of,because of,by means of,in spite of,instead of等;双重介词,如from behind/above/under,until after等;分词介词,如considering,including,judging (from/by) 等。 1介词搭

2、配(1)“动词介词”搭配:注意特定搭配与同一介词与多个动词搭配意义不同的情况。rob sb.of sth./clear the road of snow(表示“夺去、除去”意义的动词与of 连用)supply us with food/fill the glass with wine(表示“供给”意义的动词与with连用)make a desk of wood/make bread from flour/make the material into a coat(表示“制作、制造”意义的动词与of,from,into连用)介词the部位与动词的关系(动词sb.s部位,可换用)strike hi

3、m on the head(表示“击;拍;碰;摸”意义的动词与on连用)catch him by the arm(表示“抓;拉;拿;扯”意义的动词与by连用)hit the boy in the face(表示“肚;胸;眼;脸”等人体前部的器官名词与in连用)prevent(stop,keep) sb.from doing sth.(表示“阻止,禁止”意义的动词与from连用)persuade(advise,warn) sb.into doing sth.(表示“说服;建议;警告”意义的动词与into连用)buy(leave,get,win,gain,lose) sth.for sb.(表示“

4、得失”意义的动词与for连用)tell(show,teach,sing,write,read) sth.to sb.(表示“告知”意义的动词与to连用)give(allow,promise,pass,hand) sth.to sb.(表示“授予”意义的动词与to连用)注意:可换成buy sb.sth.,tell sb.sth.,give sb.sth.双宾结构。say to sb.(suggest,explain,apologize,murmur,whisper等与“对象”连用必须用to)不可说suggest sb.sth.。(2)同一介词与不同动词搭配,意义各异。reply to the l

5、etter回信,sing/dance to the music和着音乐唱/跳,amount to 达到,加起来有,devote to把贡献给,drink to为干杯,object to反对,look forward to 渴望,come to苏醒,belong to属于,search for搜,ask for请求,use.for用作,leave for前往,take.for把误以为,call for要求,wait for等待,care for喜欢,make up for弥补损失,turn to求助/救于,help oneself to随意,agree to同意,compare.to把比作,se

6、nd for派人去请/拿,sail for驶向,起航,set out for动身去,go in for爱好(3)常见的“形容词介词”搭配。worthy of值得的,be far from离远,be grateful to sb.for sth.为某事感激某人,be free from没有/免除,be proud of/take pride in为自豪,be satisfied with/by对满意,be sure of/about确信,be fond of喜欢,be fit for适合,be busy with sth./in doing sth.忙着做某事,be full of充满,be r

7、eady for准备,be similar to与相似(4)“名词介词”习惯搭配和意义区分。the absence of water缺水the hope of success成功的希望have a chance of/for entering college上大学的机会take pride in them为他们感到骄傲the key to the question问题的答案a medicine for cough治咳嗽的药the ticket for tomorrow明天的票his absence the way 2核心介词用法归纳与辨析(1)表示时间的介词in的用法如下。表示在某一较长时间内

8、,如世纪、年、季、月、周等,一般用介词in,如:in the 1990s,in the year,in January,in (the) winter/summer/fall/spring,in the first week of May。还可以用时段名词组成固定短语或词组。如:in a while,in no time,in the daytime,in a short while,in time,in the morning(afternoon,evening)。注意:at night/at noon,in the day(在白天),in the night(在夜间)。in five da

9、ys(weeks,months,years)中in意为“在以后”。(2)在具体的某一天或某天上午、晚上、前夕,常用on。on Sunday(s),on Tuesday morningon Christmas Day(但at Christmas),on Christmas Eve,on Childrens Dayon March 8,on the morning(afternoon,evening) of Oct.1early on the morning of Oct.1(区别:in the late/early morning of Oct.1) on a rainy night,on wa

10、rm winter days(3)表示某一时刻或某一时间点用at,如小时、分钟等。at breakfast(supper,lunch),at sixat noon(sunrise,sunset,midday,night,midnight,dawn)at the age of 15,at the time of war(但in time of danger/trouble)注意:有些时间名词前不接介词。next day,last Sunday,that morning,these yearsone,each,any,every,some,all修饰时间名词时,一般不用介词,如some day,o

11、ne day,all afternoon。(4)till,until的用法。till(until)与持续动词连用一般用于肯定句中,与短暂动词连用一般用在否定句中。He waited for me till twelve oclock.He didnt get up till(until) 10 am.注意:在句首出现或强调句型中一般不用till而用until。Not until 9 am.did Mr.Smith come back to school.(5)in,later,after的用法。in一段时间:表示说话时为起点一段时间之后,与一般将来时连用;但表示“在之内”时,用于各种时态。一段

12、时间later(later是副词):表示某一具体时间或某一方面具体时间算起的一段时间后。after一段时间:表示“在之后”,用于一般过去时;但时间为点时间时,只能用after,即after点时间,用于各种时态。The doctor will be with us in six minutes.She graduated in 1981,and eight years later she became the manager of the factory.He received her letter after four weeks.另外,in一段时间stime与within一段时间的用法如下:

13、in a weeks timein a weekThey will arrive in three days time.(与将来时连用)My brothers birthday is in two weeks time.(作表语)Ill finish the book within two weeks.(withinin less than.用于各种时态,意为“不超出,在之内”)(6)地点介词at,on,in,to,off,across,through,over,above,under,below。at 在较小的场所,in在较大的场所,on在的平面上。如at the airport,at th

14、e station,at 55 Park Street,in China,in the north,in Asia,on the desk,on the wall等。on,at,in,off还可以表示两地的相对位置。若A地属于B地,用in;A地位于B地的外面且有边缘衔接,用on;无边缘的衔接,用to;A在B附近,用off。Japan lies to the east of China.(范围之外)Taiwan lies in the southeast of China.(范围之内)Hunan Province lies on the west of Hubei Province.(毗邻)Th

15、e island lies off the coast of China.(相隔一定距离)across在物体表面“穿过”;through则表示在三维空间内部“穿过”。They walked across the playground.I walked through the forest.over,above译作“在之上”;under,below译作“在的下面”,其区别在于over,under表示一种直接的、垂直的上下关系;而above,below则表示一般的“高于”或“低于”,不一定是垂直“在上”或“在下”。A little boat is now under the bridge.There is a bridge over the river.The sun sinks below the horizon(地平线)The window is well above the tree.(7)表示方式、手段、工具的介词。by the year/hour/day按年/小时/天。如:He rents a house by the year(day,hour)(按bythe单位名称,但to the pound按磅算,to t

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