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1、Problems and Answers to Chapter 2 Q1: Canada and Australia are (mainly) English-speaking countries with populations that are not too different in size (Canadas is 60 percent larger). But Canadian trade is twice as large, relative to GDP, as Australias. Why should this be the case? 加拿大和澳大利亚都是英语国家，两国的
2、人口规模也相当（加拿大多60%），但是相对各自的GDP而言，加拿大的贸易额是澳大利亚的两倍，为什么如此？A1:According to Gravity Model, GDP is not the only factor to explain the volume of trade between two countries, because distance is also an important factor. Considering the distance, the transportation cost of Australia is relatively higher than t
3、hat of Canada, so the attractiveness of trade is reduced. However, Canada is close to the USA which is a large economy while Australia is not close to any large economy, making Canada more open while Australia is more autarky. GDP 不是解释两国贸易量的唯一重要因素，距离也是至关重要的因素之一。考虑到距离，澳大利亚的进出口运输成本相对更高，因此减少了贸易吸引力。因为加拿
4、大与美国相邻，而澳大利亚不与任何一个大经济体相邻，这使得加拿大更加开放，而澳大利亚更加自给自足。Q2:Mexico and Brazil have very different trading patterns. Mexico trades mainly with the United States, Brazil trades about equally with the United States and with the European Union; Mexico does much more trade relative to its GDP. Explain these diffe
5、rences using the gravity model. 墨西哥和巴西各自的贸易模式不同。墨西哥主要与美国贸易，巴西与美国和欧盟的贸易量大致相当。墨西哥的贸易量相对其GDP而言很大。用引力模型解释这种现象。A2:Mexico is close to the United States, but is very far from the European Union, so Mexicos value of trade with the United States is large. Brazil is far from both the United States and Europea
6、n Union, thus, Brazils volume of trade with the United States and with the European Union is generally equivalent. Mexicos volume of trade is larger than Brazils, for two reasons: one is that Mexico is adjacent to the United States which is a large economy; the other is that Mexico is one of the mem
7、bers of NAFTA. Brazil is far from any large economy, and the size of the economy for the countries which have signed free trade agreements with Brazil is relatively small. 墨西哥与美国毗邻，但是距离欧盟很远，因此它与美国的贸易量很大。巴西离美国和欧盟都很远，因此巴西与美国和欧盟的贸易量大致相当。墨西哥贸易量比巴西大，其原因一方面由于墨西哥离大经济体美国近，另一方面由于它是北美贸易协定的成员国之一。巴西远离任何一个大经济体，与
8、它签订自由贸易协定的国家经济规模都比较小。Q3:Equation (2.1) says that trade between any two countries is proportional to the product of their GDPs. Does this mean that the GDP of every country in the world were to increase by 50%, world trade would increase by 125%? Analyze the question using the simple example shown in
9、 Table 2-2. 方程(2.1) 表明两个国家之间的贸易和它们的GDP乘积成正比。这是否意味着如果每个国家的GDP增加50%, 世界的贸易量就增加125%？分析这个问题用表格2-2 的简单例子。A3:Yes. If both countriesGDP increase by 50%, other things equal, multiplying the right hand side of equation (2.1) by (1+50%)*(1+50%)=225% and multiplying the left hand side of equation (2.1) by 1+12
10、5%=225%, therefore, the volume of trade will increase 125%. Using Table 2-2, if four countriesGDP all increase 50%, the volume of trade will increase 125% correspondingly, so the first line of the table will become: 1.6*225%=3.6 0.4*225% =0.9 0.4*225% =0.9 Country As GDP increases to 4*(1+50%) =6 (3
11、.6+0.9+0.9= 5.4). According to the assumption, the results are reasonable because the results mean that part of country As income is consumed on imports and part of country As income is consumed on domestic products, although the portion consumed domestically is smaller than that of imports. 是的。如果两个
12、国家的GDP均增加50%，其他条件不变，方程(2.1) 的右边乘以(1+50%)*(1+50%)=225%, 方程式的左边乘以1+125%=225%，所以，世界的贸易量就增加125%。结合表格2-2，如果四个国家的GDP都增加50%倍，贸易量也增加125%，则表格第一行的数据应为：1.6*225%=3.6 0.4*225% =0.9 0.4*225% =0.9 A国的GDP增加到4*(1+50%)=6 (3.6+0.9+0.9= 5.4)。根据假设，这个结果是合理的因为这意味着A国的支出一部分从国外进口一部分收入用于消费本国的产品，虽然用于本国消费的部分少于对其他国家的进口。Q4: Over
13、the past few decades, East Asian economies have increased their share of world GDP. Similarly, intra-East Asian trade - that is, trade among East Asian nations - has grown as a share of world trade. More than that, East Asian countries 3 do an increasing share of their trade with each other. Explain
14、 why, using the gravity model. 在过去的几十年中，东亚国家增加了它们在世界GDP中的份额。同样，不仅东亚国家整体的贸易在世界贸易中的份额增加了，而且东亚国家内相互间的贸易也增加了。应用引力模型解释这一现象。A4:In the past, East Asian countries are all small economies, meaning that their size of economies is small and they are unable to import a lot of goods. As these East Asian countrie
15、s become richer, the demand increases and they can import more than before. Considering that East Asian countries have been rich countries, they become trading partners with each other; however, they mainly imported goods from rich countries. Based on gravity model, even if the distance between Sout
16、h Korea and Taiwan is small, the volume of the two countries is very small due to their small size of economies. But now, because their GDP have increased, the volume of trade between the two countries increased correspondingly. 之前，东亚国家都是小经济体，这说明它们的市场规模很小，不能大量进口。随着它们越来越富裕，消费需求增加，它们也就能更多地进口了。这样，之前它们主要向富国出口，现在它们自
