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1、Phonologicalstructure音系结构WhichsoundunitsareusedandhowtheyareputtogetherPhonologicalanalysis音系学分析Takeaword,replaceonesoundbyanother,andseewhetheradifferentmeaningresults.(minimalpairsPhonemiccontrastTherelationbetween2phonemeswhentheyoccurinthesameenvironmentanddistinguishmeaningPhonologicalrule音系规则a
2、formalwayofexpressingasystematicphonologicalprocessorsoundchangeinlanguage.AssimilationDissimilation异化Aprocesswhere2identicalorsimilarphonemeschangesordisplacestheotheroneSuprasegmental/Phonologicalfeatures(syllablestresstoneintonationThoseaspectsofspeechthatinvolvemorethansinglesoundsegmentsSyllabl
3、estructure音节结构(dividedintorhymeandonsetComponentialanalysisAwayinwhichthemeaningofawordcanbedissectedintomeaningcomponents,calledsemanticfeatures.Grammaticalconstruction语法结构Theprocessofinternalorganizationofagrammaticalunit(ICanalysisSyntacticconstruction句法结构(endo/exo-centricconstructionSyntacticfun
4、ction句法功能ShowstherelationshipbetweenalinguisticformandotherpartsofthelinguisticpatterninwhichitisusedGrammaticalruleBywhichthegrammaticalityofasentenceisgovernedGrammaticalrelationsThestructuralandlogicalfunctionalrelationsofconstituentsSyntacticrelationspositional/substitutability/co-occurrencesynt
5、agmaticrelationbetweenoneitemandothersinasequence,orbetweenelementswhichareallpresent.paradigmaticrelationarelationholdingbetweenelementsreplaceablewitheachotherataparticularplaceinastructure,orbetweenoneelementpresentandheothersabsent.immediateconstituentanalysis:theanalysisofasentenceintermsofitsi
6、mmediateconstituentsDistinctivefeatures:atermofphonology,i.e.apropertywhichdistinguishesonephonemefromanother.(phonologicalcontrastbinary/placefeaturesAllophone:anyofthedifferentformsofaphonemeallomorph:anyofthedifferentformofamorpheme.Phoneme:smallestconstrastiveunitinthesoundsystemofalanguageMorph
7、eme:smallestmeaningfullinguisticunitPhonetics:howspeechsoundsaremade,transmittedandreceived(description&classificationPhonology:soundpattern&shapeofsyllablesMorphology:internalorganizationofwords-minimalmeaningunit+wordformationprocessesSyntax:interrelationshipsbetweenelementsinsentencestructure(pri
8、nciplesofforming&understandingcorrectEnglishsentencesSemantics:themeaningoflinguisticunits(howmeaningisencodedinalanguagePragmatics:useoflanguageinacontext(meaningincontextInflectionalmorphemesmanifestvariousgrammaticalrelationsDerivationalaffixesareaddedtoanexistingformtocreateanewwordConstative:st
9、atementsthateitherstateordescribe,andwereverifiable.Performative:sentencesthatdidnotstateafactordescribeastate,andwerenotverifiable.Theirfunctionistoperformaparticularspeechact.Inwhatwaycanwedeterminewhetheraphoneisaphonemeornot?Abasicwaytodeterminethephonemesofalanguageistoseeifsubstitutingonesound
10、foranotherresultsinachangeofmeaning.Ifitdoes,thetwosoundsthenrepresentdifferentphonemes.Languageisbothlinearlyandhierarchicallystructured.Thetreediagramcannotonlyrevealalinearorder,butalsoahierarchicalstructurethatgroupswordsintostructuralconstituents.+tomosttruthfullyillustratetheconstituentrelatio
11、nshipamonglinguisticelements.therearetwoaspectstosentencemeaning:grammaticalmeaningandsemanticmeaning.Componentialanalysisproposedbystructuralsemanticists,isawaytoanalyzewordmeaning.Theapproachisbasedonthebeliefthatthemeaningofawordcanbedividedintomeaningcomponents,whicharecalledsemanticfeatures.Plu
12、sandminussignsareusedtoindicatewhetheracertainsemanticfeatureispresentorabsentinthemeaningofaword,andthesefeaturesymbolsareusuallywrittenincapitalizedletters.Forexample,theword“man”isanalyzedasconsistingofthesemanticfeaturesof+HUMAN,+ADULT,+ANIMATE,+MALEAsentenceisagrammaticalconcept.Itusuallyconsis
13、tsofasubjectandpredicate.Anutteranceistheunitofcommunication.Itisthesmallestlinguisticunitthathasacommunicativevalue.Ifweregardasentenceaswhatpeopleactuallyutterinthecourseofcommunication,itbecomesanutterance.Asentencemeaningisoftenconsideredastheintrinsicpropertyofthesentenceitselfintermsofapredica
14、tion.Itisabstractandindependentofcontext.Theutterancemeaningisbasedonsentencemeaning;itisrealizationoftheabstractmeaningofasentenceinacontext.Themeaningofanutteranceisconcrete,andcontext-dependent.Forexample.Argument：someentityaboutwhichastatementisbeingmadePredicate:somepropertyorrelationtotheentity
