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1、 非谓语动词在句中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词分为三种形式：不定式、动名词和分词（分词包括现在分词和过去分词）不定式一、 不定式的作用1、 作主语 不定式作主语时，谓语用单数。往往用it 作形式主语，把不定式放在谓语后面。如：It took us two hours to finish the job.It is impossible for us to get there on time.It is very kind of you to help us.注意：（1）其他系动词如look, appear等也可用于此句型。 （2）当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不
2、定式作表语时，不能用It is to的句型。试比较： It is to believe to see.（错） To see is to believe.（对）“百闻不如一见” （3）It is+ adj. of / for sb. to do sth. 结构中，当不定式的逻辑主语和前面的形容词可以构成系表结构时，用of, 否则用 for.2、 作宾语（1） 动词+不定式。如：He managed to escape from the fire.I find it hard to get along with him.（it 作形式宾语）（2） 动词+疑问词+to , “特殊疑问句+不定式”相当
3、于名词，作宾语。如：I dont know what to do next/ how to do it next.I cant make up my mind which to buy.注意：不定式短语作宾语时，如果还带有宾语补足语，往往把不定式短语放在宾语补足语之后，用it 作形式宾语。如：I find it necessary to learn a foreign language.3、 作宾语补足语（1） 动词+宾语+不定式（to do ）。如：He warned me to be careful.I want you to speak to Tom.What makes you thi
4、nk so?（不带to的不定式）（2） 动词+宾语+ to be 的不定式结构。如：We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.The book is believed to be uninteresting.（被动语态）例子：Charles Babbage is generally considered _ the first computer.A to invent B inventing C to have invented D having invented答案：A（3） There +不定式。如：We did
5、nt expect there to be so many people there.我们没料到会有那么多人在那里。注意：（1）有些动词需用 as 短语作补语，像regard, think, believe, take, consider。如：We regard Tom as our best teacher. 我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师。Mary took him as her father. 玛丽把他当作自己的父亲。（2）在动词feel （一感），hear, listen to（二听），have, let, make（三让），notice, see, watch, observe, lo
6、ok at（五看）等后面的补足语中，不定式不带to，但变为被动语态后，必须带to。如：They saw the boy fall off the tree. The boy was seen to fall off the tree.4、 作定语不定式作定语，修饰名词或代词，不定式和它所修饰的名词之间有逻辑上的主谓关系、动状关系、同位关系或动宾关系。不定式通常要放在这些被修饰的词后。如：I have a lot of work to do.（动宾关系）He is looking for a room to live in.（动状关系）He is the first person to thin
7、k of the idea.（主谓关系）He has got a chance to go abroad.（同位关系）注意：不定式的逻辑主语是句子的主语或宾语时，不定式用主动形式表被动。如： Do you have anything else to say?5、 作状语，表示目的、结果、原因等，有时还有一些固定搭配的不定式短语，如in order to , so as to, soas to, such as to, .enough to, tooto等。（1） 做目的状语，to, only to （仅仅为了）, in order to, so as to, so(such).as to（如此
8、以便）如：He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。He came to the school to see his son.（2） 作结果状语，表事先没有预料到的，要放在句子后面。如：He hurried to the post office only to find it was closed.He searched the room only to find nothing.（3） 做原因状语。如：We were very excited to hear the news.Im glad to see you.注意：不
9、定式作状语，它的逻辑主语是主句的主语。The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to _A sit B sit on C be seat D be sat on答案：B解析：如果不定式为不及物动词，其后应有必要的介词。当动词与介词连用时，常位于“形容词+动词不定式”结构的末尾。6、 作表语不定式可放在be动词后面，构成表语。如：The question is how to put it into practice.My question is when to leave.His dream is to be
10、a doctor.注意：不定式在句中作表语时，对应的谓语动词用单数。7、 独立结构。如：To tell you the truth, I dont agree with you.To make matters worse, it began to rain.Ive worked with children before, so I know what _ in my new job.A expected B to except C to be excepting D excepts答案：B解析：疑问词 what 与 to expect 连用，作 know 的宾语，what 与 expect 有
11、逻辑上的动宾关系。二 不定式的时态和语态1、 不定式的时态（1） 现在时：有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后。如：He seems to know this. I hope to see you again. I hope that Ill see you again.（2） 完成时：表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。如：Im sorry to have given you so much trouble.He seems to have caught a cold.（3） 进行时：表示动作正在进行，与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。如：He seems to b
12、e eating something.（4） 完成进行时：表示动作从过去某个时间开始，一直延续到现在，并有可能持续下去。如：She is known to have been working on the problem for many years.2、 不定式的语态当不定式的逻辑主语是其动作的承受者时，就用被动式。如：He was seen to enter the hall. He asked to be sent to work in Tibet.注意：主动表被动的情况。如： He is to blame. Give me a book to read. The problem is
13、easy to work out.Robert is said _ abroad, but I dont know what country he studied in.A to have studied B to study C to be studying D to have been studying答案：A三 省to 的动词不定式1、 情态动词（除ought 外，ought to）2、 Would rather, had better.3、 感官动词 see, watch, look at, notice, observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel 等
14、后作宾补，省略 to.注意：在被动语态中 to 不能省略掉。如：I saw him dance. He was seen to dance. The boss made them work the whole night.They were made to work the whole night.4、 使役动词 let, have, make.5、 由 and, or 和 than 连接的两个不定式，第二个 to 可以省去。如：He wants to move to France and marry the girl.6、 Help 可带 to ,也可不带to, help sb. (to)
15、do sth.7、 Why/Why not8、 But 和 except 前是动词 do 时，后面出现的动词用不带 to 的动词不定式。试比较： He wants to do nothing but go out. He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine.9、 通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand 等词后，可以省去 to be .如：He is supposed (to be) nice. 他应该是个好人。I usually go there by train.Why not _ by boat for a change?A
