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1、翻译理论与实践1. Definition of Translation (P1-3)英国The Oxford English Dictionary: to turn from one language into another美国Websters Third New International Dictionary of the English Language: to turn into ones own or another language辞海、汉语大词典：把一种语言文字的意义用另一种语言文字表达出来。 翻译是将一种语言文化承载的意义转换到另一种语言文化中的跨语言、跨文化的交际活动。v
2、Nothing should be added to or taken from the original work. The duty of the translator is simply to change the vocabulary, not the thought. In translation therefore, there are two essential elements: accuracy and expressiveness.v 从以上的翻译定义来看，我们知道不可有所增删。译者的任务只是变换词汇而不是改变其意思。因此翻译有两个要素：准确性与表达性（忠实与通顺）。v 综
3、合各家之长: 翻译是把一种语言表达的意义用另一种语言传达出来，以达到沟通思想情感、传播文化知识、促进社会文明，特别是推动译语文化兴旺昌盛的目的。Three key words from the definitionsv 1. Textual (What we usually translate are texts rather than independent words or sentences.)Eg. 警幻道：“此茶出在放春山遣香洞，又以仙花灵叶上所带之宿露而烹，此茶名曰千红一窟。” (第五回) Thousand Red Flowers in One Cavern(直译) Maidens
4、 Tears（意译）v 2. Natural (it is not enough to produce grammatically correct sentencs but idiomatic, natural sentecnces.)Eg. 1. When things happen that you dont like, you have two choices: You get bitter or better. 发生你不喜欢的事情时，你有两种选择：要么痛苦不堪，要么痛快达观。2. until absolutely necessary. 直到绝对必须之时非到万不得已3. essentia
5、l information for travellers 供给旅客重要的信息旅客须知4. A managing director has a lonely job. He needs a sparring partner. 一个总经理有一份孤独的工作。他需要一个拳击练习的对手。 当了总经理做起事来就形单影只，也要有个时时和他交手的人。5. I will teach him to deceive others. （I will punish him so that he will not deceive others.） 我要教训他一顿，看他还敢不敢再欺骗人。6. “Ellen, shut th
6、e window. Im starving!” and her teeth chattered as she shrunk closer to the almost extinguished embers. “爱伦，把窗子关上，我快冻死了，”她的牙齿在打颤，一面蜷缩身子，向快要熄灭的火炉靠拢。v 3. flavor (style)Eg. “You may run, but you can never hide.” 1)你可以逃亡，但你永远无法把自己藏起来。 简评：直译；词义翻译。译文有感情色彩，且有一定的力量。适用于Bush的文本和中国受众，也适用于同传和交传。2)你可以四处逃窜/到处逃亡，但
7、你永远无处藏身。 简评：直译，词义翻译。译文有感情色彩，用了四字结构、注意修辞（见下划线），显得更有力量、韵味。适用于Bush的文本和中国的受众，也适用于同传和交传。3)不管你怎么逃，（怎么躲，）但是天网恢恢，疏而不漏。 简评：意译；交际翻译（有点创造性）。译文有庄严感、正义感，有权威性、严肃性，创造性使用中国俗语（见划线部分），适合在正式场合和非正式场合使用，修辞效果甚佳。虽然原文在字面上并非如此，但译文到位、寓意深刻，如果美国是代表正义的，那就是佳译，甚至在诸方面都“超越”了原文。 Some types of translation (P3)1. Interpretation（口译）：Co
8、nsecutive interpretation连续传译/即席翻译 Simultaneous interpretation 同声传译2. Written（笔译）: “general translation” and “gloss translation”(释词翻译3. Machine translation2. Criteria of translationXuanzang（玄奘）“ Five Donts”（五不译）; i. e.:Dont translate： what is mysterious; （秘密故）what is multi-semantic; （多义故）what is too
9、alien to be reproduced;（此无故）what is hereditary; （顺古故）what is philanthropic. （生善故）Zhi Qian （支谦） “follow the original intention of the author without any embroidery” (因循本旨，不加文饰). Dao An（道安） “ translate according to the original without any addition and deduction” (案本而传，不令有损言游字). Kumurajiva (鸠摩罗什） “ele
10、gance based on the original” (依实出华)v “译”事三难：信、达、雅。求其信，已大难矣。顾信矣不达，虽译犹不译也，则达尚焉。译文取明深意，故词句之间，时有所颠倒附益，不斤斤于字比句次，而意义则不倍本文。至原文词理本深，难于共喻，则当前思后衬，以显其意。凡此经营，皆以为达：为达，即以为信也。易曰：“修辞立诚”。子曰“辞达而已！”又曰：“言之无文，行之不远”。三者乃文章正轨，亦即为译事楷模。故信达而外，求其尔雅。 严复（18541921，天演论译例言）v 译者不但要求达意，并且要以传神为目的，译文必须忠实于原文之字神句气与言外之意。 林语堂v 傅雷：神似（simila
11、rity in spirit） 以效果而论，翻译应像临画一样，所求的不在形似，而是神似。 “ So far as the effectiveness is concerned, translation is done just in the same way as the copying of a painting. What really counts is being alike not in appearance but in spirit.”江雪（柳宗元） 千山鸟飞绝，万径人踪灭。 孤舟蓑笠翁，独钓寒江雪。许渊冲先生译: Fishing in Snow From hill to hil
12、l no bird in flight, From path to path no man in sight. A straw- cloakd man afloat, behold! Is fishing snow on river cold. （许先生的形式传译可谓传神,在前两句诗的翻译上,他不仅用介词短语取代名词词组,而且还替换了原诗中表动作意义的词,既没有违背目的语的语言规范,又表达出了原诗空旷孤寂的意境。这正好体现了真正意义上的“形式对等”。）望庐山瀑布 日照香炉生紫烟， 遥看瀑布挂前川。 飞流直下三千尺， 疑是银河落九天。 Cataract on Mount Lu The sunli
13、t censer peak exhales a wreath of cloud, Like an upended stream the cataract sounds loud,Its torrent dashes down three thousand feet from high,As if the silver river fell from the azure sky. (许渊冲)Alexander F. Tytler： Three principlesv 1）译文应完全传达原文的思想。（A translation should give a complete transcript o
14、f the ideas of the original work.）v 2）译文的风格和笔调应与原文一致。（The style and manner of writing should be of the same character as that of the original.）v 3）译文应像原文一样流畅。（A translation should have all the ease of the original composition.）v (Tri-ness) Faithfulness, expressiveness, and gracefulness were considered the golden rule in the field of translation. Herbert Rotheinsteinv 功能相似，语义相符（similarity in function and correspondence in meaning）v The best of a real translation is that it should not read like translation at al
