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1、Middle schoolMiddle school or junior high school serves as a bridge between elementary school and high school. The terms can be used in different ways in different countries, sometimes interchangeably. In Chinese language, especially China, Taiwan and Hong Kong, middle school is the synonym to secon
2、dary school.Thus in some governmental and institutional contexts, middle school may be used as no more than an alternative name to junior high school, or it might imply a pedagogical shift away from primary and secondary school practices. The concept of the name junior high dates back to 1909 with t
3、he founding of Indianola Junior High School in Columbus, Ohio. The concept of the name middle school dates back to 1950 from Bay City, Michigan.AsiaAfghanistanIn Afghanistan, education often does not last until middle school. Under the Taliban, girls were not allowed to attend school. Now, both boys
4、 and girls are allowed to attend school, but many families elect to have their children work at home rather than send them to school.Peoples Republic of ChinaIn the Peoples Republic of China, junior middle schools (chuzhong or 初中) refer to years 79. It covers the last 3 years of the 12-year compulso
5、ry education, which is subject to fees. At the end of the last year, the college-bound students take exams to enter high school (gaozhong or 高中). Others wishing to continue their training may enter technical high school (中学专科/中专) or vocational school (职业学校).JapanIn Japan, junior high schools, which
6、cover years seven through nine, are called chgakk (中学校, literally, middle school). They are referred to as junior high schools in most conversations in English and are referred to by MEXT as lower secondary schools. (See Secondary education in Japan.)South KoreaIn the Republic of Korea, a middle sch
7、ool is called junghakgyo (, 中學校, also literally meaning middle school) which includes grades 7 through 9.IndonesiaIn Indonesia, children go to school at the age of three, starting from pre-school and kindergarten. At the age of six, they start Sekolah Dasar (grade school). They spend six years befor
8、e continuing on to Sekolah Menengah Pertama (junior high school) for three years. After junior high school, they go to senior high school for three years, upon which they would be concentrated in either the science stream or the social science stream. Although compulsory education ends at junior hig
9、h, most would pursue higher education in senior high, or even further at the collegiate level.TaiwanTaiwanese junior high schools (3-year) were originally called chuzhong (初級中學, 初中; primary middle school). However, in August 1968, they were renamed guozhong (國民中學, 國中; citizen middle school) when the
10、y became free of charge and compulsory. Private middle school nowadays are still called chuzhong. Taiwanese junior high schools are attended normally by those older than twelve. Accompanied with the switch from junior high to middle school was the cancellation of entrance examination needed to enter
11、 middle school.MalaysiaIn Malaysia, pre-schools (Kindergarten) are meant for children from 5-6 years old. 7-12 year old kids attend Sekolah Rendah (Primary School / Elementary School) from Standard 1 to Standard 6. There are three types of Sekolah Rendah according to the childs spoken language, Seko
12、lah Kebangsaan (Malay), Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan Cina or better known as SJKC, (Chinese) and Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan Tamil (SJKT), (Tamil). 13-17 year old students study in Sekolah Menengah (secondary school / high school) and it is regarded as Form 1 to Form 5.However, Form 1 to 3 students are cal
13、led Pelajar Menengah Rendah (lower secondary students) and Form 4 to 5 are noted as Pelajar Menengah Tinggi (upper secondary students).There are three major exams,Ujian Pencapaian Sekolah Rendah (Standard 6) -5 Subjects,Penilaian Menengah Rendah (Form 3) -7 subjects for non-Muslim students and 8 sub
14、jects for Muslim students, andSijil Pelajaran Malaysia (Form 5) -subjects varying, according to the elective and extra subjects chosen by the students.citation neededAustralia/OceaniaAustraliaMost regions of Australia do not have middle schools, as students go directly from primary school to seconda
15、ry school.In 1996 and 1997, a national conference met to develop what became known as the National Middle Schooling Project, which aimed to develop a common Australian view of early adolescent needs guiding principles for educators appropriate strategies to foster positive adolescent learning. The f
16、irst middle school established in Australia was The Armidale School, in Armidale (approximately 570 km north of Sydney, 470 km south of Brisbane and approximately 170 km inland from the coast). Schools have since followed this trend, such as The Kings School.As of 2007update, the Northern Territory has introduced a three tier system featuring Middle Schools for years 7-9 (approx ages 12-15) and hig
