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1、现在完成时一、现在完成时态的结构 have /has (助动词)+done(过去分词)说明： 动词的过去分词有规则形式和非规则形式两种，规则形式同过去式的规则形式。非规则形式需要特殊记忆。可以这样分类：AAA、ABB、ABA、ABC AAA cost-cost-cost，hit-hit-hit，let-let-let，put-put-put，set-set-set ABB buy-bought-bought，catch-caught-caught，find-found-found，stand-stood-stood ABA come-came-come，become-became-become
2、 ABC break-broke-broken，fly-flew-flown，take-took-taken，write-wrote-written 二、现在完成时态的基本句式 肯定句：主语+have/has+其他否定句：在助动词have/has后加上否定词not一般疑问句：将助动词have或has提到句首，肯定的简略回答是：Yes，主语have/has. 否定的简略回答是：No，主语have/has not.特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句三、现在完成时态的用法 1、用来表示之前已经发生或完成的动作或状态，而其结果却和现在有联系: 动作或状态发生在过去,但它的影响现在还存在,可以和alre
3、ady, never, ever, just, before, yet等副词连用。例如： They have left. (他们已经离开了,也就是说现在他们人不在这里)I have had my lunch. (我已经吃过午饭了,也就是说我现在不饿)I cant find my watch now. I think I have already lost it. (丢手表发生在过去，但现在还没有找到，即过去的动作对现在造成的影响。) He has seen the film. So he wont go with us. (看电影发生在过去，但现在仍然记得它的内容。) 说明：already与y
4、et都有“已经”的意思，但already常用于肯定句，并用于句中。yet常用于否定句和疑问句，并用于句末。例如：I have already finished my homework. I havent finished my homework yet. Have you finished your homework yet? 2、表示过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态，可以和表示从过去某一时刻延续到现在（包括“现在”在内）的一段时间的状语连用,如for+时间段、since+过去的时间点、疑问词how long等。例如： My uncle has worked at this factory
5、 for five years. 我叔叔在这个工厂工作已经五年了。 Mr. Black has lived in China since 2002. 自从2002年Mr. Black 一直住在中国。 How long have you been here? 你来这里多久了？ 注意：此种用法中表示持续动作或状态的动词必须是延续性动词（否定句除外）。例如： (1)这本书我已经买了三个月了。 错误：I have bought the book for three months. 正确：I have had the book for three months. (2)你哥哥参军多长时间了？ 错误：Ho
6、w long has your brother joined the army? 正确：How long has your brother been in the army/been a soldier?四、现在完成时态与一般过去时态的区别 1一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。I saw this film yesterday.（强调看的动作发生过了。）I have seen this film.（强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。）2一般过去时常与具体的表示过去的时间状语连用;现在完成时通常
7、与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。一般过去时的时间状语: yesterday, last week, ago, in1990, in October, just now,现在完成时的时间状语: for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until,up to now, in the past few years, recently句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如 yesterday, last, week, in 1960）时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时（错）Tom has written a letter to his parent
8、s last night.（对）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.3）现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know. 一般过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。She joined the League three years ago. (加入的动作不是延续的)She has been in the League for three years
9、(since three years ago). (在团内的状态可延续)She has been a League member for three years (since three years ago).是团员的状态可持续)五比较延续动词与瞬间动词延续动词表示经验、经历；瞬间动词表示行为的结果，不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。He has finished the work. 他已完成了那项工作。 (表结果)Ive known him since then. 我从那时起就认识他了。(表经历)注意延续性动词和短暂性动词的用法1. 短暂性动词与短暂性时间(时间点)连用。如：He joined
10、the Party three years ago. 他入党三年了。(他三年前入党的)2. 用“It is/has been时间段since”句型。如：It is/has been three years since I bought the book. 这本书我买了三年了。(从买这本书起到现在已三年了)3. 用相应的延续性动词替换短暂性动词，句中谓语动词用现在完成时，时间状语为“for时间段”或“since时间点”。如：He has been in the Green China for three years.He has been a member of the Green China
11、for three years.他加入“绿色中国”已经三年了。 The old man died 4 years ago.- The old man has been dead for 4 years.He joined the Party 2 years ago.- He has been in the Party for 2 years.I bought the book 5 days ago.- I have had the book for 5 days. 英语延续动词与非延续动词的转换 延续性动词表示能够延续的动作,如：learn, work, stand, lie, know, w
12、alk, keep, have, wait, watch, sing, read, sleep, live, stay等。延续性动词可以与表示时间段的状语连用。表示时间段的短语有:for+一段时间(for 2 years), since+从句(since he came here), since+时间点名词( since last year, since 5 days ago),how long; for a long time等。非延续性动词也称终止性动词、瞬间动词,表示不能延续的动作,这种动作发生后立即结束。如:open, die, close, begin, finish, come,
13、go, move, borrow, lend, buy等。非延续性动词在肯定句中与表示时间点的状语连用，如：two years ago; at 5 oclock;例:He died 5 years ago. 延续性动词与非延续性动词之间的转换 leave - be away borrow - keep buy - have begin/start - be on die - be dead finish - be overfall ill -be ill get up-be up catch a cold - have a cold come/become/go - be fall aslee
14、p - be asleep get to/ arrive/reach - be (in) get to know - know put on wear比较since和forsince 用来说明动作起始时间 “自从”,for用来说明动作延续时间长度 “长达”。在有for 和since 引导时间状语的句子中不能用短暂性动词，应用与之相应的表示状态的词I have lived here for more than twenty years.I have lived here since I was born.My aunt has worked in a company since 1949.I h
15、ave not heard from my uncle for a long time.注意：并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时I worked here for more than twenty years. (我现在已不在这里工作。)I have worked here for many years. (现在我仍在这里工作。)比较 have/has been to、have/has gone to 和 have been inhave(has) been 表示“曾去过某地，已经从那里回来了”，可以和ever、never、twice等连用。have(has) gone 表示“已经去了某地，在去那里的途中或到达那里还没有回来”。have(has) been in 表示“在某地呆多长时间”，常与表示一段时间的状语连用，如：since, for, how long 等He went to Shanghai last week 上周他去了上海He has been to Shanghai. 他(曾经)到/去过上海.(但他人现在肯定不是在上海而是回来了)He has
