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1、从句宾语从句一、定义：用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。宾语从句可以用连词that，连接代词who, whom, what, which；连接畐ij词 how, when, where 以及 if 和 whether 弓I起。 连接代词和连接副词在宾语从句中作一相应的句子成分,if或whether表示疑问, 而 that 没有意义仅起连接作用。二、宾语从句的分类：1 作动词的宾语从句：女口： Every one knows that he is a good stude nt.He wondered how the pyramids were built.2 作介词宾语：如： This depends
2、 on how hard you work.Is there anything wrong in what I said?3 作形容词的宾语：如： They are confident that they can do the job well.I am not certain whether the train will arrive on time.三：使用宾语从句要注意的问题：1 宾语从句引导词that的省略：在非正式场合下，that在引导宾语从句时，可以省略。如： I think (that) you are right.2 形式宾语 it：如果宾语从句后面跟有补语，要用形式宾语it来
3、代替，而将从句放到补语的后面 去。如： He has made it clear that the meeting will not be postponed.I heard it said that that factory was founded in 1901.3宾语从句的时态呼应：如果主句的谓语是过去时，宾语从句的时态要按照时态呼应规则进行相应的调 整。但是若宾语从句表示的是客观真理或自然观念，其谓语时态仍用一般现在时。女口： He said that he had left his umbrella in the library.The teacher told the studen
4、ts that the Pacific Ocean is the largest ocean in the world.4 宾语从句否定意义的转移：在think, believe, suppose, expect等动词所根的宾语中，如果从句谓语是否定 的，一般要将否定词not转移至主句谓语上去，而将从句宾语变为肯定形式。如： I dont think he has time to play chess with you.I dont suppose it is the rush hour yet.5一些动词接的宾语从句通常要用虚拟语气：一般说来，在一些表示坚持(in sist)，命令(orde
5、r，comma nd)，建议(suggest， advise)，要求(require，dema nd)等动词之后的宾语从句中，谓语一般要用 “should +动词原形”(其中的should在美国英语中常省略，但是引导从句的that 通常不省略)：如： She suggested that we (should) leave earlyHe ordered that the medicine (should) be sent by a special plane6whether 与 if引导介词宾语从句时，只能用 whether，不用if；与“or not”连用时，一般用 whether，不用
6、if。如： I am interested in whether hell go abroadWe dont know whether he will come or not7宾语从句的语序连接词后面为陈述语序。女口： I dont know what your name is.8直接引语变为间接引语间接引语的使用应注意选择合适的动词。陈述用say / tell,疑问用ask / wonder, 而祈使用tell / order，建议用advise / suggest。注意这些动词后面的结构和语 气。如： “Could you get some tea for me？” MrBlake sai
7、d to his wifeMr. Blake asked his wife whether she could get some tea for him.“Shall we go dancing tonight？”John saidJohn suggested they should go dancing tonight.状语从句状语从句是句子的状语由一个从句充当,来修饰主句中的动词,形容词或副词等。 状语从句都由从属连词引导,与主句连接,放在句末时,一般不在前面加逗号。状语从句根据它表示的意思可分为时间,原因,条件,比较,结果,目的等类。 下面我们拣重点的一个一个来分析。时间状语从句：是由
8、when, as, while, after, before, since, until, as soon as 等 从属连词引导的状语从句。时间状语从句中的谓语动词不能用一般将来时,只能用一般现在时表示将来发生 的动作或存在的状态。女口 :l will call you as soon as I arrive there.原因状语从句：because, since, as和for都表示原因。常常令我们不知该用哪个好。我们来 比较一下。because 语势最强，回答 why 提出的问题，用来说明人所不知的原因。当能够 很明显的看出原因或人们已知原因，就用 as 或 since。女口： I do
9、nt like that coat,because the color looks terrible.由because引导的从句如果放在句末，且前面有逗号，则可以用for来代替。但 如果不是说明直接原因，而是多种情况加以推断，就只能用 for。如： He is not here, because / for his mother is ill.目的状语从句：表示目的状语的从句可以由in order that, so that等词引导。如：You must raise your voice so that/in order that everybody can hear you clearly.
10、结果状语从句：结果状语从句常由so.that或such.that引导，要掌握和区分 这两个句型，首先要了解so和such后面分别跟什么词。such是形容词，修饰名词或名词词 组， so 是副词,只能修饰形容词或副词。so还可与表示数量的形容词many, few, much, little连用，形 成固定搭配。如： The box is so heavy that I cant carry it.让步状语从句：是由 though, although 引导的状语从句。though, although 和 but 不能同时使用。Although it rained, they had a good
11、time.定语从句定语从句(Attributive Clauses)在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，有时也 可以修饰部分或整个句子。被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系 词(关系代词或关系副词)引出。关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which, as 。 关系副词有： when, where, why ,how 。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词和定语从句之间，起连接作用，同时又可做定语 从句的一个成分。当关系代词做宾语时可以省略。定语从句中的谓语动词必须在人称上和数量上和先行词保持一致。 定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句
12、。1 、关系代词引导的定语从句1）who, whom, that 这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下：Is he the man who/that wants to see you?（who/that 在从句中作主语） He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.（whom/that 在从句中作宾语）2）Whose用来指人或物，（只用作定语，若指物，它还可以同of which互换）， 例如：They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. Please pass m
13、e the book whose （of which） cover is green.3）which, that 它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，例如：A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.（which / that 在句中作宾语）The package （which / that） you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. （which / that 在句中作宾语）关系代词that和which
14、都可以指物，that和Who都可以指人，其用法区别：1）不用that的情况a）在引导非限定性定语从句时（错） The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.b）介词后不能用We depend on the land from which we get our food.c）多用who的情况 关系代词在从句中做主语A friend who helps you in time of need is a real friend . 先行词为 those , people 时Those who were either foo
15、ls or unfit for their offices could not see the cloth . 先行词为all, anyone , ones , one 指人时One who doesnt work hard will never succeed in his work . 在 There be 句型中There is a stranger who wants to see you . 在被分隔的定语从句中A new teacher will come tomorrow who will teach you German . 在有两个定语从句的句子中，其一用who,其二用that，但若先行词后接两个以 上的并列定语从句时，后一个必须重复前一个关系代词。The student who was praised at the meeting is the monitor that is very modest and studies very hard .There is a teacher who is always ready to help others and who enjoys what he does .2) 只能用 that 作为定语从句的关
