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1、-独立主格构造的用法说明与注意点一、有关独立主格构造的根本概念 独立主格构造是一个名词或代词作为逻辑主语，加上一个形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等在句中作状语。它有以下三个特点：1. 独立主格构造的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。2. 名词或代词与后面的形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等存在逻辑上的主谓关系。3. 独立主格构造一般用逗号与主句分开，但与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。二、独立主格构造的常见形式独立主格类型1：名词代词+现在分词The question being settled, we went home. 问题解决之后，我们就回家了。We shall play t
2、he match tomorrow, weather permitting. 明天假设天气好，我们就进展比赛。The monitor being ill, wed better put the meeting off. 班长病了，我们最好还是延期开会吧。独立主格类型2：名词代词+过去分词The job finished, we went home. 工作完毕后我们就回家了。The last bus having gone, we had to walk home. 最后一班公车已经走了，我们必须走路回家。More time given, we should have done the job
3、much better. 如果给我们更多的时间，我们会把工作做得更好。独立主格类型3：名词代词+不定式Nobody to e tomorrow, we will have to put off the meeting till ne*t week. 如果明天没有人来，我们将把会议推迟到下周。 So many people to help him, he is sure to succeed. 有如此多的人来帮助他，他一定会成功的。独立主格类型4：名词代词+介词短语The soldiers dashed in, rifle in hand. 士兵们端着枪冲了进来。A girl came in,
4、book in hand. 一个少女进来了，手里拿着书。He was waiting, his eyes on her back. 他在等着，眼睛望着她的背影。独立主格类型5：名词代词+形容词或副词He sat in the front row, his mouth half open. 他坐在前排，嘴半开着。She sat at the table, collar off, head down, and pen in position, ready to begin the long letter. 她坐在桌前，衣领已解掉，头低了下来，拿好钢笔，准备开场写一封长信。独立主格类型6：There
5、 being +名词代词There being nothing else to do, we went home. 没有别的事可做，我们就回家了。There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed. 没有再要讨论的事了，我宣布散会。独立主格类型7：It being +名词代词It being Christmas, the government offices were closed. 由于圣诞节的缘故，政府机关都休息。It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. 由于今天是假日，
6、所有商店都关门了。说明：独立主格构造有时可在其前加上介词with。如：Dont sleep with the windows open. 别开着窗睡觉。He stood before his teacher with his head down. 他低着头站在教师面前。He was lying on the bed with all his clothes on. 他和衣躺在床上。She came in with a book in her hand. 她手里拿着一本书走了进来。He fell asleep with the lamp burning. 他没熄灯就睡着了。I wont be a
7、ble to go on holiday with my mother being ill. 因为妈妈有病，我无法去度假。He sat there with his eyes closed. 他闭目坐在那儿。All the afternoon he worked with the door locked. 整个下午他都锁着门在房里工作。I cant go out with all these clothes to wash. 要洗这些衣服，我无法出去了.三、英语独立主格构造的用法独立主格构造主要表示谓语动词发生的时间、原因、条件或伴随情况等，相当于一个状语从句或并列句。1. 用作时间状语The
8、 work done (=After the work had been done), we went home. 工作完成后，我们就回家了。2. 用作条件状语Weather permitting (=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。3. 用作原因状语An important lecture to be given tomorrow (=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the
9、 professor has to stay up late into the night. 因为明天要发表一个重要的演讲，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。4. 用作伴随状语He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head (=and his hands were crossed under his head).他躺在草地上，两手穿插枕在脑后。5. 表示补充说明A hunter came in, his face red with cold (=and his face was red with cold). 一个猎人走了进来，他的脸
10、冻得通红。We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我们加倍努力，一个人干两个人的活。注：独立主格构造表示时间、条件或原因时，相当于一个状语从句，一般放在句首，表示原因时还可放在句末；表伴随状况或补充说明时，相当于一个并列句，通常放于句末。四、使用独立主格构造的几点注意1. 当状语从句的主语与主句的主语不是指同一个对象时，可用独立主格构造取代状语从句，但不再保存连词。如：After class was over (=Class being over / Class over), the students soon left the
11、 classroom.下课后，学生很快离开了课室。2. 在以下两种情况下，独立主格构造中的being或having been不能省略：(1) 独立主格的逻辑主语是代词时。如:It being Sunday, we went to church.因为是星期天，我们去了做礼拜。(2) 在There being名词的构造中。如：3. 在“名词或代词介词短语构成的独立主格构造中，一般不用形容词性物主代词和冠词。如： Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in hand.史密斯先生走进了课室，手里拿着一本书。比拟with的复合构造：Miss Smith enter
12、ed the classroom, with a book in his hand.4. 独立主格构造没有所有格形式。如：The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting. 主编来了，我们开场开会。比拟动名词复合构造：The chief-editors arriving made us very surprised.5. 独立主格构造作时间或原因状语时，可用完成时，表示该动作发生在谓语之前。如：The listeners having taken their seats, the concert began.听众坐好后，音乐会开场了。Tom hav
13、ing been late over and over, his boss was very disappointed.由于汤姆一再迟到，他的老板非常失望。独立主格构造中的非谓语动词用法独立主格构造的根本形式是“名词或代词+形容词副词、介词短语、非谓语动词等。本文主要归纳“名词或代词+非谓语动词这一构造的用法。1. 名词或代词+不定式其中的不定式通常表示尚未发生或即将要发生的动作。如：Nobody to e tomorrow, we will have to put off the meeting till ne*t week. 如果明天没有人来，我们将把会议推迟到下周。 So many pe
14、ople to help him, he is sure to succeed. 有如此多的人来帮助他，他一定会成功的。We divided the work, he to dean the window and I to sweep the floor. 我们分了工，他擦窗户，我扫地。2. 名词或代词+现在分词其中的现在分词通常表示动作正在进展或当时正在进展。如：She ran up to me, her hair flying in the wind. 她向我跑来，秀发在风中飘扬着。We e*plored the caves, Peter acting as a guide. 由彼得作向导
15、，我们探查了那些洞穴。We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我们加倍努力，一个人干两个人的活。注：有时现在分词不表示进展，而表示一般情况。如：Their room was on the third floor, its window overlooking the sports ground. 他们的房间在三层楼上，窗户俯视着操场。3. 名词或代词+过去分词其中的过去分词通常表示被动意义。如：Everyone helped, John not e*cepted. 大家都来帮助，约翰也不例外。All our savings gone, we started looking for jobs. 积蓄全部用完了，我们就开场找工作。This done, they ne*t set to clean the room. 做完这件事之后，他们接下来就开场清理房间。She gazed, her hands clasped to her breast. 她凝视着，双手叉在胸前。【现学现用】11. I send you 100 dollars today, the rest _ in a year.A. follows B. followed
