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1、 2006年Part 1 Translation from English into Chinese 2 hours Read the following two passages. Translate them into Chinese. Write you answers on this paper. You may use the additional paper for any rough work but you must copy your answers onto this paper. Passage 1 Artificial speech Because speech is
2、the most convenient form of communication, in the future we want essentially natural conversations with computers. The primary point of contact will be a simple device that will act as our window on the world. You will simply talk to it. The device will be permanently connected to the internet and w
3、ill beep relevant information up to you as it comes in. Just how quickly people will adapt to a voice-based internet world is uncertain. Many believe that, initially at least, we will need similar conventions for the voice to those we use at present on screen: click, back, forward, and so on. But so
4、on you will undoubtedly be able to interact by voice with all those IT-based services you currently connect with over the Internet by means of a keyboard. This will help the Internet serve the entire population, not just techno-freaks. Changes like this will encompass the whole world. Because Englis
5、h is the language of science, it will probably remain the language in which the technology is most advanced, but most speech-recognition techniques are transferable to other languages provided there is sufficient motivation to undertake the work. Within ten years we will have computers that respond
6、to goal-directed conversations, but for a computer to have a conversation that takes into account human social behaviour is probably 50 years off. Were not going to be chatting to the big screen in the living room just yet. There are those in the IT community who believe that current techniques will
7、 eventually hit a brick wall. Personally, I believe that incremental developments in performance are more likely. But its true that by about 2040 or so, computer architectures will need to become highly parallel if performance is to keep increasing. Perhaps that will inspire some radically new appro
8、aches to speech understanding that will supplant the methods were developing now. Small vendors engage in simple spot-market transactions, with buyers and sellers dealing face to face to trade fairly standard products whose quality is easy to verify. Lange multinational firms exchange more different
9、iated products, face greater difficulties in verifying quality, and must span greater separations in time and space between one part of the transaction and the other. Most economies have both types of markets. But the first is relatively more common in developing countries, the second in industrial
10、economies. Developed markets- more global, more inclusive, and more integrated-offer more opportunity and choice. Underdeveloped markets, more likely in poor countries, tend to be more local and segmented. So, compared with farmers in Canada, poor farmers in Bangladesh have fewer opportunities and f
11、ar fewer formal institutions (such as banks and formal courts ) to reduce their risks and increase their opportunities. What limits market opportunities? The transaction costs stemming from inadequate information and incomplete definition and enforcement of property rights. And barriers to entry for
12、 new participants. What increases them? Institutions that raise the returns from market exchange, reduce risk, and increase efficiency. Yet not all institutions promote inclusive markets. Institutional designs that evolve through historical circumstances or are directed by policy makers are not nece
13、ssarily the best for all of society or for economic growth and poverty reduction. For instance, state agricultural marketing boards, instead of helping farmers, have often resulted in lower incomes for them in Africa. And institutions that once supported market transactions can outlive their usefuln
14、ess, for example, privatization agencies and bank restructuring agencies. The challenge for policymakers is to shape institutional development in ways that enhance economic development. 转贴于：口译笔译考试_考试大Part 2 考试论坛Translation from Chinese into English 2 hours Read the following two passages. Translate
15、them into Chinese. Write you answers on this paper. You may use the additional paper for any rough work but you must copy your answers onto this paper. 考试大Passage 1 保姆校长 常常听到一些大学校长说：“我把学生当自己的儿女看待。”他也真做得像个严父慈母：规定学生睡眠要足8小时，清晨6点必须起床做操，不许穿拖鞋在校内行走，等等。 我一直以为大学校长是高瞻远瞩、指导学术与教育大方向的决策人，而不是管馒头稀饭的保姆。教育者或许会说：“这些
16、学生如果进大学以前，就已经学好自治自律的话，我就不必如此喂之哺之；就是因为基础教育没教好，所以我办大学的人不得不教。” 听起来有理，可是学生之所以在小学、中学12年间没有学会自治自律，就是因为他们一直接受喂 哺式的辅导，大学再来继续进行“育婴”，这岂不是一个没完没了的恶性循环？我们对大学教育的期许是什么？教出一个言听计从、循规蹈矩的学生，还是教出一个自己会看情况、做决定的学生？ Passage 2 发展问题 考试大发展问题一直是世界各国普遍关注的问题。大部分发展中国家取得独立后，在发展民族经济、改变贫穷落后面貌、缩小同发达国家的经济差距等方面，取得了巨大成绩。一些国家实现了经济“起飞”，甚至创造了“奇迹”。经济增长是社会发展的基础，但有增长不一定有发展。为了避免“有增长、无发展”的现象，世界各国都把可持续发展作为国家宏观经济发展战略的一种重要选择，并深刻认识到，人类需要一个持续发展的
