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1、中文2625字外文翻译原文A Cluster Approach towards Enhancing Chinese-American Trade OpportunitiesMaterial Source: International Journal of Business and ManagementAuthor: William J. Lawrence and Weidong SunAbstractFor some time now, China has relied heavily on industrial clusters to create an international comp
2、etitive edge. While the program has been largely successful, China has increasingly had to cope with severe accusations from its trading partners who claim a policy of dumping and selling low quality products with flaws, and hazardous outcomes. Claims are also made that China has not been as mindful
3、 of its resource utilization, environment impact, and overall economic efficiency as it should be. The thrust of this paper recognizes that opportunities exist for both the US and China to use this period as one of enhanced communication and cooperative ventures and planning initiatives. It is a hyp
4、othesis that cluster analysis offers a major vehicle that shows how all nations can begin to meet the needs of their people and do it in an environmentally and economically responsible manner.Keywords: Industrial cluster, Smooth trade, The US-China1. An Overview of Industrial Clusters in ChinaChina
5、has created a fairly sophisticated system of industrial clusters in many areas centered principally on their natural market share within domestic as well as global markets. This policy is most evident in the eastern and southern coastline regions, for example, Zhejiang province, which is in the sout
6、heast of China. Zhejiang Province has more than 500 villages and towns, many of which have formed their own unique cluster. The total output of these villages and towns accounts for roughly half of the provinces industry product. The cluster phenomena consisting of a variety of industries has been c
7、reated in Guangdong province as well. It has an estimated 60 towns out of all 240 towns in Guangdong that have formed a rather large scale of clusters primarily within traditional industry fields. Moreover, the southern areas of Jiangsu province have formed several IT industry clusters, Jingjin coun
8、ty has formed shoe industry clusters, Shouguang county has formed a vegetable industry cluster, Qinhou county has formed a wool industry cluster and Zhongguan village has also formed an IT industry cluster.However, with time many management problems in the industrial clusters began to emerge, often
9、resulting from the low management skills of entrepreneurs, out date of technology or increasing labor cost. In addition, a growing low commitment of working hard, effective mutual cooperation, to mention only a few, began to further exacerbate the problems. Perhaps this phenomenon can be categorized
10、 as management deficiencies suffering from excessive growth. It is however, time for clustered firms to upgrade their management level and for the clustering process to move from the low industrial levels to the relatively higher one.2. Reasons behind the Growth of a Cluster Approach towards Industr
11、ial Development and TradeProfessor David L. Barkley and Professor Mark S. Henry in a 2001 paper concluded that there were basically four important advantages underlying industrial clusters including: a) strengthening localization economies, b) facilitating industrial reorganization, c) encouraging n
12、etworking among enterprises d) permitting greater focusing of public resources. Their analysis shows the benefits from the cluster from the angle of the macroeconomic perspective.There exists one other intrinsic strength that provides an incentive for an individual enterprise to join an industrial c
13、luster. We have chosen to use a hypothesized case to make our point.Assume that there are two separate and distinct retail merchants who are each selling cool drinking water along a linear beach. Let us further assume that; a) the merchandise they sell is of the same quality and sold at the same pri
14、ce; b) consumers are scattered evenly along the beach; c) customers are time and convenient oriented and always prefer to buy cool drinking water from a nearby stall; d) Our two merchants have an exclusive agreement prohibiting any other competitors entering this market. In order to describe our mod
15、el conveniently, we define that the beach length is 1, the left point being 0 and the right point being 1. According to geographic optimization, merchant one would locate his stall at 1/4 and merchant 2 would locate at 3/4 because doing so would minimize overall consumer convenience giving each merc
16、hant equal access to their respective market share. Although such an arrangement seems fair and reasonable, the reality itself is nevertheless not so simple. Both merchants do the same business, creating an unavoidable competition between them. Absent an agreement to the contrary, each merchant would have an incentive to relocate his stall a little further down the beach towards the territory of the others. He would do so in hopes of winning some consumers
