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1、 非谓语动词用法详解动词的非谓语形式有三种：不定式、动名词和分词(一)不定式不定式由“ to 十动词原形”组成,其否定形式是“ not to do”不定式可以带宾语或状语组成不定式短语, 没有人称和数的变化, 但有时态和语态的变化不定式可作主语、宾语、状语、表语和定语,但不能单独作谓语不定式的逻辑主语有时用“ for 十名词或代词宾格”组成1不定式的用法：l)作主语不定式短语作主语时,往往放在谓语之后,用it 作形式主语例如：To see is to believeIt is right to give up smoking2)作宾语不定式短语作宾语时,如果还带有宾语补足语。往往把不定式宾语放
2、在宾语补足语之后,而用 it 作形式宾语例如：He wanted to g oI find it interesting to study work with him.3)作宾语补足语例如：He asked me to do the work with him.注意 ：在 feel,hear,listen to,look at,notice, observe,see,watch,have,let,make等词后的补足语中,不定式不带 to但是这些句子如果变成被动结构时,就必须带 to例如I often hear him sing the songHe is often heard to sin
3、g the song注意：不定式动词在介词 but,except,besides后面时,如果这些介词之前有行为动词 do 的各种形式,那么,这些介词后的不定式不带to如：to,否则要带She could do nothing but cry.What do you like to do besides swim?I have no choice but to g o动词 help 之后,带 to 或不带 to 都可以。Will you please help me (to) take this suitcase?请你帮我提一下这个衣箱好吗？She often helps her mother
4、(to) clean their house她. 经常帮助她妈妈打扫房子。4)作定语例如：I have some books for you to read注作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词, 或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等,不定式后面须有相应的介词例如：He is looking for a room to live inThere is nothing to worry about Please give me a knife to cut with但是,不定式所修饰的名词如果是 time,place 或 way,不定式后面的介词习惯上要省去例如：He had no
5、money and no place to live.注当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时,不定式既可以用主动语态,也可用被动语态,但其含义有所不同试比较：A) Have you anything to send? 你有什么东西要寄吗 ?(不定式 to send的动作执行者是 you)B) Have you anything to be sent? 你有什么要 (我或别人 )寄的东西吗?(不定式 to be sent 的动作执行者是已被省略的 me 或someone else)5)作状语,表示目的、原因、结果或条件例如：I came here to see you (目的
6、)We were very excited to hear the news (原因)He hurried to the school to find nobody there(结果)so + adj. / adv. + as to dosuch + adj. + n. +as to do,adj. / adv.+ enough + to dotoo + adv. / adj. +to do:太.而不能.;非常.He was so foolish as to believe it.= He was such a fool as to believe it.= He was foolish en
7、ough to believe it.The ice is too thin to skate on.=The ice is not thick enough to skate on.He was too happy(情感 adj.) to see his father.You can never too careful to cross the road再. .都不为过To look at him, you would like him(条件)目的状语还可以用 in order to 或 so as to来表示如：In order to pass the exam, he worked ve
8、ry hardWe ran all the wayso as not tobe late不定式也可在作表语用的形容词后面作状语例如：I am very glad to hear itThe question is difficult to answer“ too 十形容词或副词十不定式”作状语例如：He is too old to do that另外句子中有 enough这个词时,常用不定式作状语例如：The room is big enough to hold u s 6)作表语例如：My job is to help the patient7)作独立成分例如：To tell the tru
9、th, I dont agree with you.8)不定式与疑问词 who,which,when,where,how,what 等连用,在句中起名词作用,可充当主语、表语、宾语, 宾补 等例如：He didnt know what to say.(宾语)How to solve the problem is very important(主语)My question is when to start. (表语)She often teaches me how to read and writ（e.作宾语补足语） 她常教我如何读书写字。注意：在与 why 连用时,只用于 why 或 why
10、not 开头的简短疑问句中,后面紧跟的动词不定式不带 to. 例如:Why not have a rest?9)不定式在句中用主动式还是被动式。多数情况下是容易判别的,但有时的确比较复杂,请注意以下几点：A)不定式修饰的名词或代词和不定式组成逻辑上的主谓关系时, 不定式往往用主动形式 .Have you got a key to unlock the door?(A key unlocks the door)B)不定式和它前面被修饰的名词或代词组成逻辑上的动宾关系, 又和该句主语组成逻辑上的主谓关系时,不定式常用主动形式I have got a letter to write( I write
11、 letter)He needs a room to live i n( He lives in a room)I know what to do( I do what) 但这句如改为下列形式,不定式就得用被动形式：I know what is to be done.这是因为 what is to be done是宾语从句,从句中的主语 what 是动词do 的动作对象C)不定式作表语形容词的状语,和句中主语组成逻辑上的动宾关系时,不定式多用主动形式,这是因为人们往往认为形容词后省去了people例如：for one 或 forHe is hard to talk t o( to talk t
12、o him)The book is difficult to understand. ( to understand the book.)但如果强调句中的受事者时,亦可用不定式被动式,例如：The handwriting is very difficult to be read.(是隐形主语, 非显性主语）The box is too heavy to be liftedD)在 “there 十 b e” 的结构中,当说话人考虑的是必须有人去完成某件事时, 不定式用主动形式, 如果说话人强调的是事情本身必须完成, 则用被动形式There is a lot of work to do. ( So
13、mebody has to do the work)There is a lot of work to be done ( The work has to be done.) 请注意下面两个句子的含义是不同的：There is nothing to do. 意为无事可做,感到十分乏味There is nothing to be done意为某东西坏了,无法使之恢复正常2不定式的时态l)不定式的一般形式所表示的动作,通常与谓语的动作(状态)同时(或几乎同时)发生,或是在它之后发生例如：I saw him go out2)如果谓语表示的动作 (情况)发生时,不定式表示的动作正在进行, 这时不定式就
14、要用进行式例如：I am very glad to be working with you3)如果不定式的动作发生在谓语动词之前,就要用完成式例如I m sorry to have kept you waigti.n:3不定式的语态当不定式逻辑上的主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时,不定式一般要用被动形式。例如：He asked to be sent to work in the countrysideIt is possible for our hopes to be realized(二)动名词1动名词由动词 + ing 组成;具有动词和名词的性质 ;在句中起名词作用,可作主语、宾语、
15、表语和定语1)作主语例如 :Seeing is believing.Laying eggs is the ant queenIt is no use arguing with him.- timesjofubll.注意：动名词和不定式都可以作主语,动名词作主语表示一般或抽象的多次性行为,不定式作主语往往表示具体的 或 一次性的动作例如：Playing with fire is dangerous(泛指玩火)To play with fire will be dangerous(指一具体动作 )但在 It is no use good,not any use good,useless等后必需用动名词。2)作表语例如：Her job is teaching.3)作宾语例如：He is fond of playing foo
