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1、APA格式原文参考APAcitationstylereferstotherulesandconventionsestablishedbytheAmericanPsychologicalAssociationfordocumentingsourcesusedinaresearchpaper.APAstylerequiresbothin-textcitationsandareferencelist.Foreveryin-textcitationthereshouldbeafullcitationinthereferencelistandviceversa.TheexamplesofAPAstyle
2、sandformatslistedonthispageincludemanyofthemostcommontypesofsourcesusedinacademicresearch.ForadditionalexamplesandmoredetailedinformationaboutAPAcitationstyle,refertothePublicationManualoftheAmericanPsychologicalAssociationandtheAPAStyleGuidetoElectronicReferences.Also,forautomaticgenerationofcitati
3、onsinappropriatecitationstyle,useabibliographiccitationmanagementprogramsuchasRefworksorEndNote.YoucanfindmoreinformationonthisinourCitationManagementpage.ReferenceCitationsinTextInAPAstyle,in-textcitationsareplacedwithinsentencesandparagraphssothatitisclearwhatinformationisbeingquotedorparaphraseda
4、ndwhoseinformationisbeingcited.Examples:WorksbyasingleauthorThelastnameoftheauthorandtheyearofpublicationareinsertedinthetextattheappropriatepoint.fromtheoryonboundedrationality(Simon,1945)Ifthenameoftheauthororthedateappearaspartofthenarrative,citeonlymissinginformationinparentheses.Simon(1945)posi
5、tedthatWorksbymultipleauthorsWhenaworkhastwoauthors,alwayscitebothnameseverytimethereferenceoccursinthetext.Inparentheticalmaterialjointhenameswithanampersand(&).ashasbeenshown(Leiter&Maslach,1998)Inthenarrativetext,jointhenameswiththewordand.asLeiterandMaslach(1998)demonstrated/10Whenaworkhasthree,
6、four,orfiveauthors,citeallauthorsthefirsttimethereferenceoccurs.Kahneman,Knetsch,andThaler(1991)foundInallsubsequentcitationsperparagraph,includeonlythesurnameofthefirstauthorfollowedbyetal.(Latinforandothers)andtheyearofpublication.Kahnemanetal.(1991)foundWorksbyassociations,corporations,government
7、agencies,etc.Thenamesofgroupsthatserveasauthors(corporateauthors)areusuallywrittenouteachtimetheyappearinatextreference.(NationalInstituteofMentalHealthNIMH,2007)Whenappropriate,thenamesofsomecorporateauthorsarespelledoutinthefirstreferenceandabbreviatedinallsubsequentcitations.Thegeneralruleforabbr
8、eviatinginthismanneristosupplyenoughinformationinthetextcitationforareadertolocateitssourceintheReferenceListwithoutdifficulty.(NIMH,2007)WorkswithnoauthorWhenaworkhasnoauthor,usethefirsttwoorthreewordsoftheworkstitle(omittinganyinitialarticles)asyourtextreference,capitalizingeachword.Placethetitlei
9、nquotationmarksifitreferstoanarticle,chapterofabook,orWebpage.Italicizethetitleifitreferstoabook,periodical,brochure,orreport.onclimatechange(ClimateandWeather,1997)GuidetoAgriculturalMeteorologicalPractices(1981)Anonymousauthorsshouldbelistedassuchfollowedbyacommaandthedate.onclimatechange(Anonymou
10、s,2008)SpecificpartsofasourceTociteaspecificpartofasource(alwaysnecessaryforquotations),includethepage,chapter,etc.(withappropriateabbreviations)inthein-textcitation.(Stigter&Das,1981,p.96)DeWaal(1996)overstatedthecasewhenheassertedthatweseemtobereaching.fromthehandsofphilosophers(p.218).Ifpagenumbe
11、rsarenotincludedinelectronicsources(suchasWeb-basedjournals),providetheparagraphnumberprecededbytheabbreviationpara.ortheheadingandfollowingparagraph.(M?nnich&Spiering,2008,para.9)ReferenceListReferencescitedinthetextofaresearchpapermustappearinaReferenceListorbibliography.Thislistprovidestheinforma
12、tionnecessarytoidentifyandretrieveeachsource.Order:Entriesshouldbearrangedinalphabeticalorderbyauthorslastnames.Sourceswithoutauthorsarearrangedalphabeticallybytitlewithinthesamelist.Authors:Writeoutthelastnameandinitialsforallauthorsofaparticularwork.Useanampersand(&)insteadofthewordandwhenlistingm
13、ultipleauthorsofasinglework.Smith,J.D.,&Jones,M.Titles:Capitalizeonlythefirstwordofatitleorsubtitle,andanypropernamesthatarepartofatitle.Pagination:Usetheabbreviationp.orpp.todesignatepagenumbersofarticlesfromperiodicalsthatdonotusevolumenumbers,especiallynewspapers.Theseabbreviationsarealsousedtode
14、signatepagesinencyclopediaarticlesandchaptersfromeditedbooks.Indentation*:Thefirstlineoftheentryisflushwiththeleftmargin,andallsubsequentlinesareindented(5to7spaces)toformahangingindent.Underliningvs.Italics*:Itisappropriatetouseitalicsinsteadofunderliningfortitlesofbooksandjournals.Twoadditionalpiecesofinformationshouldbeincludedforworksaccessedonline.InternetAddress*:AstableInternetaddressshouldbeincludedandshoulddirectthereaderascloseaspossibletotheactualwork.If
