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1、1.With low-power machinery or vehicles the operator can usually apply sufficient force through a simple mechanical linkage from the pedle or handle to the stationary part of the brake. In many cases, however, this force must be multiplied by using an elaborate braking system.（P5）用低能机器或传力工具，操作者通过向踏板或
2、把手的一个简单机械连接构件作用足够的力量到车闸固定的部分。大多数情况，然而，用一个详细（复杂）的车闸系统使这个力量成倍增加。2. The fundamental principle involved is the use of compressed air acting through a piston in a cylinder to set block brakes on the wheels. The action is simultaneous on the wheels of all the cars in the train. The compressed air is carri
3、ed through a strong hose from car to car with couplings between cars; its release to all the separate block brake units, at the same time, is controlled by the engineer. (Braking Systems)（P5） 相关的基本原理是使用压缩气体，通过气缸内的活塞将闸块压在车轮起作用。列车的所有车厢上的车轮同时动作。压缩气体通过一个坚固的管道在由联轴器连接的车厢之间传输；工程师控制其在同一时间释放到所有独立的闸块单元。3. Whe
4、n the brake pedal of an automobile is depressed, a force is applied to a piston in a master cylinder. The piston forces hydraulic fluid through metal tubing into a cylinder in each wheel where the fluids pressure moves two pistons that press the brake shoes against the drum. (Braking Systems)（P5） 当踩
5、下汽车刹车的踏板，在主汽缸中的活塞上施加一个力。活塞驱动液压流体通过金属管道进入每个车轮气缸，在那里液压移动两个活塞将闸片压向轮圈。 4. Machinery ontology including mechanical rack, mechanical connections and mechanical transmission, which is the basis of mechanical-electrical integration, plays a role in supporting the other functional units of the system and tra
6、nsmitting motion and power. Compared to purely mechanical products, the performance and functionality of integration technology in electrical and mechanical systems have been improved a lot, which requires mechanical ontology to adapt its new status in mechanical structure, materials, processing tec
7、hnology, as well as the areas of geometry. Accordingly, the new ontology is with high efficient, multi-functional, reliable and energy-saving, small, light-weighted and aesthetically pleasing characteristics. (Mechatronics System) （P7）机械体包括机架、机械联接和机械传动，它是机电一体化的基础，作用是支撑系统其他功能单元，传递运动和动力。和纯机械产品相比，一体化技术
8、的性能和功能在机电系统中大幅提高，它要求机械本体适应在机械结构、材料、加工技术以及这些领域中的几何学下的新环境。相应的，新的一体化具有高效、多功能、可靠、节能、小轻和美学的令人赏心悦目的特征。 5. Detecting sensor detecting sensor part includes a variety of sensors and signal detection circuit, and its function is to detect the process of mechatronic systems in the work itself and the changes o
9、f relevant parameters in external environment and transmit the information to the electronic control unit. Electronic control unit check the information and sends the corresponding control issues to the actuator. (Mechatronics System) （P7）检测传感器部分包括各类传感器、信号检测电路，它的功能是检测机电系统自身工作的工程，在外部环境下的相关参数的改变，将其信息传
10、给电子控制单元。电子控制单元通过检查信息，送出相应的指令到执行机构。 6. Electronic control unit, also known as ECU, is the core of mechatronic systems, responsible for the external commands and the signals output by sensors. It centralizes stores, computes and analyzes the information. Based on the results of information processing,
11、instruction are issued according to a certain extent and pace to control the destination for the entire system. (Mechatronics System) （P7）电子控制单元，也被称为控制单元（ECU）控制，是机电系统的核心，负责外部命令和传感器的信号输出。它集中、存储、计算并分析信息。基于信息处理的结果，按照一定的范围和步调发出命令来实现控制整个系统的目标。 7. It is put into a fairly standard machine tool that has had
12、 position sensing and motors on the control knobs installed. This is basically just a robot machinist. You use a rotating cutting tool to cut away all the metal that isnt your crank. 3D metal etch-a-sketch, with the computer interpolating, so the circles come out to be pretty smooth. (CNC Machining)
13、 （P9）将数控系统装入一个非常标准的机床，它在控制手柄上有位置感应和马达。这基本上是一个机械师。你能使用一个旋转切削刀具切掉不是你设计的所有金属。具有计算内插的三维金属蚀刻成型可以使得圆被加工得更光滑。 8. They (CNC machine) are complicated machines, full of servomechanisms, and measuring technology that can measure to 0.005mm (0.0001”) while covered in oil. A CNC machine has a minimum of 6 motors
14、 (including some to change tools, and one or more to pump oil and coolant various places). This translates to running costs that may be well over $1/minute. (The computer is not a significant part of the cost any more.) (CNC Machining) （P10）数控机床是复杂的机器，具有伺服机构和检测技术，它能在覆盖油膜状态下检测到0.005mm。数控机床至少有 6个马达（包括
15、一些用来换刀具，一个或多个用来泵油和冷却液的各地方）。这些化成运行成本可能大大超过1美元/分钟。（电脑不再是成本的一个重要部分.） 9. The smaller, denser chips can also provide speed benefits, because in high-speed devices, the length of time it takes a signal to travel a given distance can become a factor. (Integrated Circuit (IC) （P57）小而密的芯片能提供速度优势，因为高速装置中，信号传输
16、给定距离所需时间长度是一个因素。 10ICs have consistently migrated to smaller feature sizes over the years, allowing more circuitry to be packed on each chip. This increased capacity per unit area can be used to decrease cost and/or increase functionality-see Moores law which, in its modern interpretation, states that the number of transistors in an integrated circuit doubles every two years。（P58）多年来集成电路持续向更小的外观尺寸发展，允许每个芯片封装更多的电路，这增加了单位面积的容量，可以被用于降
