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1、初高中英语衔接系列讲与练之二简单句的句子成份分析(主语、谓语、宾语、定语) 句子的基本成份分析是高中英语语法学习的基础准备。不会分析句子成份，高中阶段的主要语法的学习如定语从句、名词性从句、非谓语等就会显得十分困难。一句子的主要成份与次要成份讲解 句子成分是句子中起一定功用的组成部分。句子的主要成份由主语和谓语部分部分组成。句子的次要成分有宾语、定语、状语、表语、补语、同位语等。其中，补语与同位语在高中阶段较常见。 例如：The trees on the mountain grow green in the spring(主语) (定语修饰主语) (系动词) (表语) (状语)Who left
2、 the guest waiting in the meeting so long.?(主语) (谓语) (宾语) (补语) (状语)练习 在括号内写出以下句子划线部分的基本成份1.They are workers from China.（ ） ( ) ( ) ( )2. The singer made himself known.（ ） ( ) ( ) ( )3.My classmates sent their best wishes to me.（ ） ( ) ( ) ( ) （ ） ( ) ( ) 二、主语及充当主语的词性、形式、短语或句子讲解主语是句子的主体，是谓语陈述或说明的对象。正
3、常语序的句子的主语在谓语动词前面或系动词前面。充当主语的词性有名词、代词、数词等。这一点我们在初中阶段较为熟悉。例如：Deer are animals.(主语由名词deer来充当)Everything goes well.(主语由代词everything来充当)99 is larger than 98. (主语由数词99来充当)以下充当主语的情况在高中阶段较为常见。他们是：不定式、动名词等形式充当主语，动名词短语、不定式短语、介词短语充当主语以及充当主语从句充当主语。例如：To say is one thing and to do is another thing.(主语由不定式to say来
4、充当)To host a party is not an easy thing.(主语由不定式短语to host a party来充当)Swimming does good to ones health.(主语由动名词swimming来充当)Walking his pet dog every day is his favorite.(主语由动名词短语Walking his pet dog every day来充当)What he said hurt me greatly.(主语由what he said这一主语从句来充当)练习 在以下句子的主语部分加下划线并在括号内写出充当主语的词性、形式、短
5、语或句子。You, he and I are all senior school students.( )Nothing is more important than EQ.( )To learn a foreign language calls for patiences.( )Being honest will pay.( )Where his mother will go is a secret.( )三、谓语以及充当谓语的动词讲解 谓语说明主语的的动作、行为、特征或状态，谓语动词说明主语所表示的人物“干什么”或“怎么样”。谓语动词有不及物动词、系动词和及物动词三大类。谓语动词必须反映出
6、人称、单复数、时态等信息，除了一般现在时和一般过去时的主被动形式外，谓语动词往往由下列词语中的两个或两个以上依序排列构成：情态动词+时态助动词+语态助动词+主要动词。例如：The bike went wrong again.(went 作谓语，系动词)Most of the my classmates work hard.（work作谓语，不及物动词）They told me his experiences in America.（told作谓语，及物动词）Some students are making much noise in the classroom now.(are making作
7、谓语)We will stay at the school at the weekend.(will stay作谓语)Many flowers will have been planted by the end of the year.（will have been planted作谓语）练习 将以下句子的谓语动词部分划线1. The old lady keeps healthy by taking exercise every day.2. Our old books have been sold out already.3. Does he go to work at eight ?4.
8、Are you watching football games now?5. You shall be bought a new MP4 player next month.四、宾语及充当宾语的词性、形式、短语或句子讲解宾语表示行为的对象。宾语放在及物动词或者介词之后。充当宾语的词性有名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、不定式短语、动名词短语、宾语从句充当主语。例如：The factory makes paper.(名词作宾语)I will make it one day.(代词作宾语)The price increased by 10%.（数词作宾语）They planned to go ah
9、ead of time.（不定式作宾语）Do you like swimming?（动名词作宾语）Some students asked to act as volunteers.（不定式短语作宾语）I forgot bringing my mobile phone.（动名词短语作宾语）Do you know where he lives?（宾语从句作宾语）练习 根据汉语提示将以下句子的宾语译成英语。1. I like my new _(学校) and my _(同学).2. My bag is red while _(你的) is brown.3. Do you want _ _ _ _（休
10、息一下）？4.Lets stop _(工作) and go out for a change.5. Can you understand _ _ _(我所说的话) just now?五、定语及充当定语的词性、形式、短语或句子定语用来修饰或限制名词或代词。可用作定语的有形容词、代词、数词、名词、名词所有格、分词、动词-ing形式、动词不定式、副词、介词短语及从句等。例如：（1）名词作定语：A book cover, a coffee cup, a table leg, a mountain plant（2）形容词(短语)作定语: an attractive sight, people alive
11、, the students present at the meeting（3）副词(短语)作定语: The students here work hard. The book over there is his.（4）介词短语作定语: The pencil-bos on the desk is mine. （5） 动名词、分词（短语）定语: He is a walking dictionary Do you know the boy standing outside the classroom? I like novels written by Luxun. （6）不定式（短语）: Is t
12、here anything to eat? （7）定语从句: The bookcase that was bought yesterday is cheap.练习 将下列句中作定语的部分划线.1.I need a book cover. 2.John is a handsome star.3.The trees over there grow green. 4.The books in my schoolbag are readable.5. The crowds waiting for Yang Liwei cheered up.6. Id like to introduce a book
13、called A Woman in White to you.7.The computer to be repaired is on the desk.8. Do you know the date when he was born?(待续)练习参考答案一练习 在括号内写出以下句子划线部分的基本成份1.（主语） (系动词) (表语) (定语 )2.（主语） (谓语 ) (宾语) (补语)3.（定语） (主语) (谓语) (定语) （定语） (宾语) (状语) 二、练习 在以下句子的主语部分加下划线并在括号内写出充当主语的词性、形式、短语或句子。1.You, he and I are all s
14、enior school students.(代词)2.Nothing is more important than EQ.(代词)3.To learn a foreign language calls for patiences.(不定式短语)4.Being honest will pay.(动名词短语)5.Where his mother will go is a secret.( 主语从句)三、练习 将以下句子的谓语动词部分划线1.The old lady keeps healthy by taking exercise every day.2.Our old books have been sold out already.3.Does he go to work at eight ?4.Are you watching football games now?5.You shall be bought a new MP4 player next month.四、练习 根据汉语提示将以下句子的宾语译成英语。1. school, classm
