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1、非谓语动词用法归纳积极被动1. doing 用在规定动词后；进行；随着；性质；特点；概括；抽象；普通3. having done 有先后动作表完毕(普通用在句首)2. being done正在进行被动4. having been done用于句首；规定动词后（有过去时间或过去动作）5. to do 用在规定动词后；目；将来；详细7. to have done 在规定动词后表完毕动作(普通用在句中)6. to be done将来被动8. to have been done用在规定动词后（有过去时间或过去动作）9. done 被动；完毕（普通或普遍时间）一、表格用法1. doing 用法（1）在规
2、定动词后（作宾语）：avoid避免appreciate 感激/欣赏acknowledge承认/自认 admit 承认advocate倡导/主张consider 考虑 cant help不禁 cant stand受不了contemplate细想complete完毕confess坦白 dislike不喜欢，讨厌deserve值得 delay延迟 deny否认 dread可怕defer迟延detest嫌恶 enjoy享有/爱慕envy嫉妒endure忍受excuse借口escape逃跑/逃避finish完毕forgive原谅 fancy幻想/兴趣favor 导致/偏爱figure描绘/计算hate讨
3、厌 imagine设想involve卷入/包括keep保持miss错过mention说到/讲到mind 介意pardon原谅/饶恕permit容许 postpone推迟practice 实行/实践prevent制止quit放弃停止risk冒险recall回忆resist抵抗/制止 resume恢复repent悔过resent怨恨stand坚持/忍受suggest建议save营救/储蓄tolerate忍受 worth值得 You should try to avoid making mistakes. The book is worth reading. The book deserves re
4、ading. （2）表进行 Walking on the grassland，I saw a snake.=When I was walking on the grassland，I saw a snake. The man speaking English is Tom. = The man who is speaking English is Tom. （3）表积极The man speaking English is Tom = The man who speaks English is Tom.= The man who spoke English is Tom. Nobody din
5、ks boiling water but boiled water.= Nobody dinks water that is boiling but the water that has boiled.（4）表随着I stand outside waiting for Mr. Chen.I lie in bed reading a novel.（5）表性质；特点The film is very moving. She is understanding，so you had better discuss your business with her.（6）概括性,普通性Climbing moun
6、tain is very interesting.Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring在高峰时刻开车令人厌烦。(概括性,普通性)Our work is serving the people（7）动名词逻辑主语为；人称代词所有格+动名词；名词s+动名词。例如：Tom insisted on my going with them她坚持要我和她们一起去。He dislikes his wifes working late她不喜欢她妻子工作得很晚。2. being done表达正在进行被动The boy being criticized by Mr.
7、 Chen is Tom. = The boy who is being criticized by Mr. Chen is Tom. Being criticized by Mr. Chen，the boy felt sad. = When the boy was being criticized by Mr. Chen，he felt sad. The building being built will be the tallest one in this city.= The building that is being built will be the tallest one in
8、this city. 3. having done 有先后动作表完毕(普通用在句首) Having finished the class，I went home. = After I had finished the class，I went home. Having done the work，I had a short rest. = After I had done the work，I had a short rest.Having done the work，I went back home.Having been done，the work was checked by the l
9、eaders.4. having been done用于句首；有先后动作表完毕有先后动作表完毕,（有过去时间或过去动作）I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago. (规定动词后)=I appreciate that I was given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.Having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago，I still apprec
10、iate your help then.= Because I was given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago，I still appreciate your help thenI appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.I enjoy giving the opportunity to study abroad to Mr. Wang.I appreciate being given the opportunity to
11、 study abroad now.Having been finished，the report was turned in.= After the report had been finished，it was turned in.5. to do用法:(1)用在规定动词后：接to do动词（作宾语）attempt企图afford承担得起arrange安排appear似乎，显得 ask问 agree批准 believe 以为、相信begin开始beg祈求 bother扰乱/烦恼care关怀，喜欢 choose选取 claim规定 consent批准，赞同 contrive设法，图谋dema
12、nd规定 destine注定 determine决定 dread胆怯 desire愿望 decide决定 enable可以 expect盼望 endeavor努力fail不能hate憎恨/厌恶 happen碰巧 hesitate踌躇 hope但愿 intend想要 incline有倾向 long渴望 love爱 learn学习 mean意欲，打算manage设法neglect忽视need需要omit忽视，漏 offer提供 pretend假装 plan筹划 prefer喜欢/宁愿 prepare准备 profess表白 promise承诺/容许 propose建议refuse回绝swear宣誓
13、 start开始 seek找/寻觅 try试图undertake承办 volunteer志愿 vow起 wish但愿 want想要(2)表达详细动作，特别是表达将来动作(做表语)。Our work is to serve the peopleThe person to do the job is Tom. = The person who will do the job is Tom.To do two things at a time is to do neither一次做两件事等于未做。What I would suggest is to start work at once.我建议是立即
14、开始干。如果主语是不定式（表达条件），表语也是不定式（表达到果）。To see is to believe.百闻不如一见。To work means to earn a living工作就是为了生活。如果主语是以aim，duty，hope，idea，happiness，job，plan，problem，purpose， thing，wish等为中心名词，或以what引导名词性从句，不定式作表语是对主语起补充阐明作用。His wish is to buy a luxurious car in the near future她但愿是在不远将来买一辆豪华轿车。The function of Loui
15、s Sullivans architecture was to provide large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior.The most important thing is to negotiate with them about the future of the plant省to 动词不定式 1） 情态动词 ( 除ought 外，ought to)： 2） 使役动词 let，have，make；在被动语态中则to不能省掉。 The boss made them work the whole night. = They were made to work the whole night.3） 感官动词 see，watch，look at，notice ，observe，hear，listen to，smell，feel，find 等后作宾补，省略to。在被动 语态中则to 不能省掉。 I saw him dance. = he was seen to dance. 注：感官动词还可以接当前分词，表达一种（短暂）动作正在进行；不定式则表达动作整个过程。I saw him dance.（整个跳舞过程）I saw him danci
