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1、2005-2006学年度江苏省南通地区石庄中学英语学科高考语法复习资料作者：秦建华 226531：江苏省南通如皋市石庄中学e-mail:高考英语语法系列训练（一）名词及主谓一致知识点归纳一、名 词(一)、概述：分两种专有名词：Mr. Smith, the Yellow River,the Urals, Lesson One普通名词：分四种1、 个体名词：worker, father,country, book, bird,tree(countable noun)2、 集体名词：people, family, class,team,group,army,committee,police(coun
2、table noun)3、 物质名词：iron,paper,snow,air,water,ink,grain,cotton,chalk,oil,gold(uncountable noun)4、 抽象名词：spirit,thopugh,praise,idea,courage,strength,energy, bravery,beauty (uncountable noun)名词类别的相互转换：(1).个体名词与抽象名词的相互转换Our school（学校）is not far from my home. 个体名词School（放学）is over at six. 抽象名词She held som
3、e flowers in her hand. 个体名词 The trees are now in flower（开花）. 抽象名词Youth（青春）is beautiful. 抽象名词 He is a youth（年轻人）of twenty个体名词(2). 物质名词与个体名词的相互转换Iron is a kind of metal. 铁 （物质名词） Please lend me your iron. 熨斗（个体名词）He broke a piece of glass.一块玻璃 （物质名词）He broke a glass. （个体名词）I bought a chicken this morn
4、ing.（个体名词） Please help yourself to some chicken.(物质名词）I have an egg for breakfast. （个体名词） Egg is my favorite dish（物质名词）There is a pine in front of the temple.松树 （个体名词）These desks are made of pine.松木 （物质名词） (3).抽象名词与普通名词的转换A.具有动作意义的抽象名词加用与某些动词（如：have等）连用，表示某一次短暂的动作-Id like_information about the manag
5、ement of your hotel,please.-Well, you could have_word with the manager. He might be helpfulA.some,a B.an,some C.some,some D.an,aCf: They sent us word of the latest happenings. 消息 （抽象名词） I have received word of his safe arrival. 抽象名词 Could we have a word before you go to the meeting? 话（普通名词） have a d
6、ream/a rest/a smoke/a swim/a trip/a wash/a discussion/a look take a walk/a bath make an advance(进步)/make an early start(早点出发)/make a decisionmake a change give a cry of pain(发出痛苦的叫声) give a tryB、表示知识和时间的抽象名词转换为普通名词时可以用来表示其中的一部分 Many people agree that_knowledge of English is a must in_international t
7、rade today.A.a, / B.the, an C.the, the D. /, thea knowledge of truth(知道实际情况)give a fuller knowledge of China(提供关于中国更为翔实的知识)have a knowledge of shorthand(有速记的知识)a knowledge of history, English and music（历史、英语和音乐方面的知识）If there were no examination, we should have_at school.A. the happiest time B.a more
8、 happier time C. much happiest time D.a much happier timeCf: Time is moneyC、抽象名词转换为普通名词可用来表示“一次、一阵、一种”具体的行为、事件、现象或结果。这时名词前往往有形容词修饰Oh, John. _you gave me!A.How a pleasant surprise B.How pleasant surpriseC.What a pleasant surprise D. What pleasant surpriseCf: She looked up in surprise when I shouted.
9、The gift came as a complete surprise to me. We have had some unpleasant surpriseIt is_work of art that everyone wants to have a look at it.A.so unusual B. such unusual C.such an unusual D.so an unusualOther examples:This vase is a wonderful work.(作品)She has a college education.（受到教育）His new way of t
10、eaching produced a good effect.（功效）Oil has many uses.（用途）We will face many difficulties in the future（难点、难题、难处）You have been a great help to me.（有益的东西、有帮助的人）（二）、名词的数1、规则变化。单数名词词尾直接加-s。如：boy boys, pen pens。以s、x 、ch 、sh结尾的单词一般加-es。glass glasses（box, watch, brush）特例：stomach stomachs以“辅音字母 + y”结尾的变“y”为“
11、i”再加“-es”。如：baby babies（lady ladies, fly flies）以“o”结尾的多数加-es。如：tomato tomatoes, potato potatoes, hero heroes。但以两个元音字母结尾的名词和部分外来词中以o结尾的词只加-s。 如：radio radios（ zoo /photo /piano / kilo kilos/tobacco tobaccos） 以“f”或“fe”结尾的名词复数形式变“f”或“fe”为“v”，之后再加-es。如：wife wives （life/ knife / wolf/ self selves/leaf ）特例
12、：handkerchief handkerchiefs（roof /chief ） gulf gulfs（belief / cliff ）penny的两种复数形式含义有所不同。如：pence（便士的钱数），pennies(便士的枚数)2、不规则变化。单、复数同形 如：means, aircraft, deer, fish, Chinese,Japanese, sheep, works（工厂）,cattle。合成名词的复数tooth-brushes boy-friendspassers-by sisters-in-law prisoners-of-warmen-servents women-do
13、ctorsgrown-ups go-betweenstooth teeth footfeet childchildren mousemicegoosegeese oxoxen注有些抽象名词以复数形式出现，起到一种丰富语言感情色彩或强调某种特殊状态的作用。Use your brains, please.Have you made preparations for tomorrows meeting?Many thanks for your kindness.No pains, no gains.After many failures, they finally succeeded.注有些物质名词
14、以复数形式出现，表示数量之多，范围之广。The boy burst into tears at the bad news.The rising waters did a lot of harm to the crops.注物质名词有形或数的相应物体，有单、复数。some coffee一些咖啡 a coffee一杯咖啡 three coffees三杯咖啡some drink一些饮料 a drink一杯饮料 three drinks三杯饮料his hair他的头发 a few grey hairs几根白发glass玻璃 a glass一只玻璃杯注有些名词的复数有其特殊的意义：papers报纸，文件考卷 manners礼貌、习俗 goods货物 works工厂 looks容貌 glasses眼镜，杯子 greens青菜 times时代，次数、倍数sands沙滩，沙地 irons脚镣，手铐,熨斗 spirits酒精，情绪 customs海关letters文学 forces军队 riches财富 wishes祝愿air(空气)airs( 气派，架子,姿态 ) arm(手臂)arms(军火)da
