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1、American Puritanism: Puritanism was a religious reform movement that arose within the Church of England in the late sixteenth century. Under siege from church and crown, it sent an offshoot in the third and forth decades of the seventeenth century to the northern English colonies in the New World- a
2、 migration that laid the foundation for the religious, intellectual, and social order of New England, Puritanism, however,was not only a historically specific phenomenon coincident with the founding of New England; it was also a way of being in the world-a style of response to lived experience-that
3、has reverberated through American life ever since. Doctrinally, Puritans adhered to the Five Points of Calvinism as codified at the Synod of Dort in 1619:(1) unconditional election ( the idea that God had decreed who was damned and who was saved from before the beginning of the world); (2) limited a
4、tonement ( the idea that Christ died for the elect only); (3) total depravity (humanitys utter corruption since the Fall); (4) irresistible grace (regeneration as entirely a work of God, which cannot be resisted and to which the sinner contributes nothing); and (5) the perseverance of the saints (th
5、e elect, despite their backsliding and faintness of heart , cannot fall away from grace).American Dream: The American Dream is the faith held by many in the United States of America that through hard work, courage, and determination one can achieve a better life for oneself, usually through financia
6、l prosperity. These were values held by many early European settlers, and have been passed on to subsequent generations. Nowadays the American Dream has led to an emphasis on material wealth as a measure of success and or happiness.Gothic tradition: Gothic novel or Gothic romance is a story of terro
7、r and suspense, usually set in a gloomy old castle or monastery. In an extended sense, many novels that do not have a medievalized setting, but which share a comparably sinister, grotesque, or chaustrophobic atmosphere have been classed as Gothic. It contributed to the new emotional climate of Roman
8、ticism.Historical novel: a novel in which the action takes place during a specific historical period well before the time of writing ( often one or two generations before, sometimes several centuries), and in which some attempt is made to depict accurately the customs and mentality of the period. Th
9、e central character-real or imagined-is usually subject to divided loyalties within a larger historic conflict of which readers know the outcome. The pioneers of this genre were Walter Scott and James Fenimore CooperAmerican Romanticism: Romanticism refers to an artistic and intellectual movement or
10、iginating in Europe in the late 18th century and characterized by a heightened interest in nature, emphasis on the individuals expression of emotion and imagination, departure from the attitudes and forms of classicism, and rebellion against established social rules and conventions. The romantic per
11、iod in American literature stretched from the end of the 18th century through the outbreak of the Civil War. It was an age of great westward expansion, of the increasing gravity of the slavery question, of an intensification of the spirit of embattled sectionalism in the South, and of a powerful imp
12、ulse to reform in the North. In literature it was America s first great creative period. A full flowering of the romantic impulse on American soil. Although foreign influences were strong, American romanticism exhibited from the very outset distinct features of its own. First, American romanticism w
13、as in essence the expression of a real new experience and contained an alien quality for the simple reason that the spirit of the place was radically new and alien. Second, Puritan influence over American romanticism was conspicuously noticeable. Emerging as new writers of strength and creative powe
14、r were the novelists Hawthorne, Simms, and Melville; the poets Poe, Whittier, Holmes, Longfellow, Lowell. Dickinson, and Whitman; the essayists Thoreau, Emerson, and Holmes. These American writers had made a great literary period by capturing on their pages the enthusiasm and the optimism of that dr
15、eam.Transcendentalism: Transcendentalism is literature, philosophical and literary movement that flourished in New England from about 1836 to 1860. In originated among a small group of intellectuals who were reacting against the orthodoxy of Calvinism and the rationalism of the Unitarian Church, dev
16、eloping instead their own faith centering on the divinity of humanity and the natural world. Transcendentalism derived some of its basic idealistic concepts from romantic German philosophy, and from such English authors as Carlyle, Coleridge, and Wordsworth. Its mystical aspects were partly influenced by Indian and Chinese religious teachings. Although transcendentalism was never a rigorously systematic philosophy, it had some basic tenets that we
