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1、 翻译概论Warming-up exercises: Translate the followings1 You are what you think2 Your abilities count, but the belief that you can succeed affects whether or not you will.3 Its a pattern of thinking learned at your mothers knee.I翻译的定义1.Translation is the replacement of textual material in one language b
2、y equivalent textual material in another language. 即 “将一种语言的篇章材料替换为与之对等的另一种语言的篇章材料”。翻译是运用一种语言把用另一种语言文字所表达的思想内容准确而完整地重新表达出来的语言活动。它是一门科学，具有描述性；同时它也是一门艺术，因为它具有创造性。II翻译原则或标准：严复理论1信(truthfulness/faithfulness)：忠实原文（对原文的思想不歪曲也不要任意增减；对原文的风格不随意改动，即粗糙的不译成高雅，口语体不译成书面体）2达(expressiveness)：语言通顺畅达（译文应该按照译语的语法和习惯来遣
3、词造句；译文避免生搬硬套，应该通顺流畅）Eg . John can be relied on. He eats no fish and plays the game.约翰值得信赖。他忠诚而正直(守规矩)。3雅(elegance)：文字古雅 / 切（closeness）总之，做英译汉时，按中国人的说话思维方式，把内容用通俗的汉语顺畅地表达出来；反之亦然。1. It therefore becomes more and more important that, if students are not to waste their opportunities, there will have to
4、have much more detailed information about courses and more advice. 2. People were afraid to leave their houses, for although the police had been ordered to stand by in case of emergency, they were just as confused and helpless as everybody else.1. 因此，如果要使学生充分利用他们（上大学）的机会，就得为他们提供大量关于课程的更为详细的信息，作更多的指导
5、。这个显得越来越重要了。2. 尽管警察已接到命令，要作好准备以应付紧急情况，但人们不敢出门，因为警察和其他人一样不知所措和无能为力。III翻译的过程1理解阶段: 是表达的先决条件1) 了解语言现象: Peter is now with his parents in Beijing; it has already three years since he was a pop singer.不唱流行歌已有三年了2)理解逻辑关系 You are late for the last time.你被解雇了或者不可能再迟到了.3)理解原文所涉及的事物 The elevator boys ooze（流出，渗
6、透出） the spit and polish of West Point cadets and in polite English remind you that you must not smoke inside their lift.开电梯的人像西点军校的学生一样衣着整洁，劲头十足。2表达阶段：把自己对原文的理解用本族语重新表达出来。1) 充分表达 Reports of new successes keep pouring in. 捷报频传/ He sold hard-to -get items.他经销紧俏商品。2） 直译和意译：能直译时不要意译; 需要直译和意译结合时，在直译的基础上意
7、译。a. One boy is a boy, two boys half a boy , three boys no boy.意译b. Strike the iron while it is hot.直译c. John was upsetting the other children, so I showed him the door.直译+意译约翰一直在扰乱别的孩子，我就把他撵了出去。形式对等翻译与动态对等翻译：前者着眼于原文，后者用最贴切而又最自然的对等语再现原语的信息 The streets were completely deserted and everything stood in
8、 crumbling（坍塌） ruins.街道上空无一人（阒无人迹）,到处都是断垣残壁. 3)校对阶段（proofread）：是理解与表达的进一步深化。IV 翻译技巧: 1) 分清主次 2) 遣词用字 3) 词字的增添 4) 词字的省略 5) 词类及句子成分的转换 6) 结构的调整 7) 语态变化 8) 正反交替 9) 长句切分V翻译的方法或策略: 直译和意译什么是直译和意译1）直译(literal translation)（偏重于原文字句）与意译(free translation)（根据原文的大意）；前者强调语言的共性，后者来自语言的差异所谓直译，就是在译文语言条件许可的时候，在译文中既能保
9、持原文的思想内容，又尽可能保持与原文语言形式相对应的形式。这并不是对原文逐字对译的死译，而是指在忠实原文思想内容的同时，保持原文的语言特色，即忠实地传达深层结构的同时，又能再现表层结构的风格。例如: be armed to teeth, chain reaction, crocodile tears , win-win 这些直译出来汉语对应原文的字面意思,保留了原文的生动形象. 汉语中一些特有事物也可以按字面意思译成英语. 例如: 三教九流 (the three religions and the nine schools of thought), 四书五经(the Four Books an
10、d the Five Classics ) 一国两制(one country, two systems)意译，如果用原文语言形式相对应的译文语言形式不能忠实地传达原文的思想内容的时候，就要保持原文的思想内容，而不完全保持与原文语言想对应的语言形式。这不是指偏离原作的含义，甚至完全脱离原作思想内容的乱译。忠实传递深层结构的同时，不完全再现原文表层结构的风格。例如: Dont cross the bridge till you get to it ?船到桥头自然直。Do you see any green in my eye ? 你觉得我幼稚可欺吗？(你以为我是好欺侮的吗？)望子成龙 (long
11、to see ones son succeed in life)破釜沉舟(burn ones boats)直译和意译的相对性由于英，汉两种语言在表达方式，用法习惯等方面存在较大的差异，对于同一语句，译者会面临直译和意译的选择。直译时尽量保持原作的语言形式，包括措辞，句子结构，比喻手段等，同时要求语言流畅，意思明确；意译则从意义出发，不注重原作语言形式和细节，只求将原文大意表达出来，译文能自然流畅，通顺达意即可。例如: Kill two birds with one stone 直译: 一石二鸟. 意译: 一箭双雕或一举两得可见, 直译和意译是一个相对的概念译例分析1. Little fish
12、does not eat big fish.2. A gift is the key to open the door closed against you.3. Every life has its rose and thorn.4. During the old car race, the drivers spent more time under their cars than in them.5. He had about as much chance of getting a job as of being chosen mayor of Chicago.(直译: 他找到工作的机会和
13、当选芝加哥市长的机会差不多大)(意译: 他找到工作的机会简直微乎其微)6. Go to law for a sheep, and you lose a cow。(直译:为一只羊打官司, 你就会失去一头牛。）（意译：因小失大）7. Where there is a will， there is a way。8. as strong as a horse9. The best answer is to roll up your sleeves and do the job yourself.（求人不如求己）10. They have consistently found that women fa
14、vor signs of earning capacity over good looks. For sheer sex appeal, a doughly bald guy in a blue blazer and Rolex will outscore a stud in a Burger King uniform almost every time. Power, it seems, really is the ultimate aphrodisiac.直译: 他们经常发现,女人偏爱赚钱能力的迹象甚于好看的外貌. 就纯粹的性吸引力而言, 一个穿蓝色名牌服装,戴劳力士手表, 身体像发了酵面
15、团似的秃顶男人, 其得分几乎次次都会超过一个身穿汉堡王工装服的情种. 看来,经济实力才是真正最棒的催情药.意译: 所有的结果一致表明, 相对于长相好的男人而言, 女人更喜欢会赚钱的男人. 那些衣着华丽看上去有权势但长相丑陋的男人往往比那些长相漂亮但没有权势的男人更能赢得女人的青睐. 看来正真吸引女性的是权利.以上例句不难发现:,意译不拘泥原句语言形式和字面意思, 而是对其含义加以概括与揭示,言简意赅, 但多少给人一种得其意而失其味的感觉; 直译跟原句用词大体对应,基本上保留了原句的诙谐和幽默,含蓄风趣的意味. 可见, 直译和意译各具特色,互见短长, 所以翻译工作者酌情考虑.Eg Human b
16、eings have distinguished themselves from other animals, and in doing so ensured their survival, by the ability to observe and understand their environment and then to adapt to that environment or to control and adapt it to their own needs.人类通过观察和了解她们的环境, 进而适应环境或者控制和改造环境, 使之适应自身需要的能力, 将自己与其他动物区别开来,这样就确保了她们的生存.Eg. But we re
